超過
Appearance
See also: 超过
Chinese
[edit]to exceed; overtake; surpass to exceed; overtake; surpass; transcend; ultra-; super-; to pass; to cross |
to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker) to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker); to pass; to celebrate; to live; to get along; excessively; too- | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (超過) | 超 | 過 | |
| simp. (超过) | 超 | 过 | |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ciu1 gwo3
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien, POJ): chhiau-kè / chhiau-kòe / chhiau-kèr / thiau-kòe
- (Teochew, Peng'im): tiao1 guê3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: chāoguò
- Zhuyin: ㄔㄠ ㄍㄨㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: chaoguò
- Wade–Giles: chʻao1-kuo4
- Yale: chāu-gwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chauguoh
- Palladius: чаого (čaogo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂʰɑʊ̯⁵⁵ ku̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: ciu1 gwo3
- Yale: chīu gwo
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsiu1 gwo3
- Guangdong Romanization: qiu1 guo3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰiːu̯⁵⁵ kʷɔː³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhêu-ko
- Hakka Romanization System: ceuˊ go
- Hagfa Pinyim: ceu1 go4
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰeu̯²⁴⁻¹¹ ko⁵⁵/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: chauˋ goˇ
- Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃʰau⁵³ ko¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-kè
- Tâi-lô: tshiau-kè
- Phofsit Daibuun: chiau'kex
- Sinological IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /t͡sʰiau³³ ke⁴¹/
- Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² ke²¹/
- Sinological IPA (Taipei): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ ke¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-kòe
- Tâi-lô: tshiau-kuè
- Phofsit Daibuun: chiau'koex
- Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻³³ kue²¹/
- Sinological IPA (Singapore): /t͡sʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiau-kèr
- Tâi-lô: tshiau-kèr
- Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sʰiau³³ kə⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiau-kòe
- Tâi-lô: thiau-kuè
- Phofsit Daibuun: tiau'koex
- Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiau⁴⁴⁻²² kue²¹/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: tiao1 guê3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thiau kuè
- Sinological IPA (key): /tʰiau³³⁻²³ kue²¹³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Jinjiang, Taipei, Philippines)
Verb
[edit]超⫽過 (verb-complement)
- (literal, figurative, transitive) to be ahead of; to overtake; to pass; to outstrip; to surpass; to exceed
Usage notes
[edit]- Like English be ahead of and overtake, 超過/超过 (chāoguò) can denote literally rushing to the front, as well as figuratively exceeding a particular benchmark. Chinese monolingual dictionaries often distinguish between these two senses.
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 超 | 過 |
| ちょう Grade: S |
か Grade: 5 |
| on'yomi | |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 超過する
| Plain | 超過する | ちょーか・する | [chòóká sùrú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 超過して | ちょーか・して | [chòóká shìté] |
| Perfective | 超過した | ちょーか・した | [chòóká shìtá] |
| Negative | 超過しない | ちょーか・しない | [chòóká shìnáí] |
| Negative perfective | 超過しなかった | ちょーか・しなかった | [chòóká shìnáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 超過すれば | ちょーか・すれば | [chòóká sùréꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 超過したら | ちょーか・したら | [chòóká shìtáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 超過しろ 超過せよ |
ちょーか・しろ ちょーか・せよ |
[chòóká shìró] [chòóká séꜜyò] |
| Volitional | 超過しよう | ちょーか・しよー | [chòóká shìyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 超過したい | ちょーか・したい | [chòóká shìtáí] |
| Formal | 超過します | ちょーか・します | [chòóká shìmáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 超過しません | ちょーか・しません | [chòóká shìmáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 超過しましょう | ちょーか・しましょー | [chòóká shìmáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 超過しました | ちょーか・しました | [chòóká shìmáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 超過し 超過しに |
ちょーか・し ちょーか・しに |
[chòóká shì] [chòóká shì ní] |
| Negative continuative | 超過せず 超過せずに |
ちょーか・せず ちょーか・せずに |
[chòóká séꜜzù] [chòóká séꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 超過される | ちょーか・される | [chòóká sàrérú] |
| Causative | 超過させる 超過さす |
ちょーか・させる ちょーか・さす |
[chòóká sàsérú] [chòóká sàsú] |
| Potential | 超過できる | ちょーか・できる | [chòóká dèkíꜜrù] |
Noun
[edit]Verb
[edit]超過する • (chōka suru) suru (stem 超過し (chōka shi), past 超過した (chōka shita))
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 超過し | ちょうかし | chōka shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 超過し | ちょうかし | chōka shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 超過する | ちょうかする | chōka suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 超過する | ちょうかする | chōka suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 超過すれ | ちょうかすれ | chōka sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 超過せよ¹ 超過しろ² |
ちょうかせよ¹ ちょうかしろ² |
chōka seyo¹ chōka shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 超過される | ちょうかされる | chōka sareru |
| Causative | 超過させる 超過さす |
ちょうかさせる ちょうかさす |
chōka saseru chōka sasu |
| Potential | 超過できる | ちょうかできる | chōka dekiru |
| Volitional | 超過しよう | ちょうかしよう | chōka shiyō |
| Negative | 超過しない | ちょうかしない | chōka shinai |
| Negative continuative | 超過せず | ちょうかせず | chōka sezu |
| Formal | 超過します | ちょうかします | chōka shimasu |
| Perfective | 超過した | ちょうかした | chōka shita |
| Conjunctive | 超過して | ちょうかして | chōka shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 超過すれば | ちょうかすれば | chōka sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
[edit]- “超過”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
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