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返る

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Japanese

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Kanji in this term
かえ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
復る (rare)

Alternative forms

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  • (reverse, turn over; renew; continuative verb suffix): 反る

Etymology

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⟨kape1ru⟩ → */kapʷeru//kaferu//kawʲeru//kaeru/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kaperu.[1]

Appears to be derived from a kape- stem, compare 返す (kaesu, return, transitive).

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 返る
Plain 返る える [káꜜèrù]
Conjunctive 返って えって [káꜜèttè]
Perfective 返った えった [káꜜèttà]
Negative 返らない えらない [kàéráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 返らなかった えらなかった [kàéráꜜnàkàttà]
Hypothetical conditional 返れば えれば [káꜜèrèbà]
Past conditional 返ったら えったら [káꜜèttàrà]
Imperative 返れ えれ [káꜜèrè]
Volitional 返ろう えろ [kàéróꜜò]
Desiderative 返りたい えりた [kàérítáꜜì]
Formal 返ります えりま [kàérímáꜜsù]
Formal negative 返りません えりませ [kàérímáséꜜǹ]
Formal volitional 返りましょう えりましょ [kàérímáshóꜜò]
Formal perfective 返りました えりました [kàérímáꜜshìtà]
Continuative 返り
返りに
えり
えりに
[káꜜèrì]
[káꜜèrì nì]
Negative continuative 返らず
返らずに
えら
えらずに
[kàéráꜜzù]
[kàéráꜜzù nì]
Passive 返られる えられ [kàéráréꜜrù]
Causative 返らせる
返らす
えらせ
えら
[kàéráséꜜrù]
[kàéráꜜsù]
Potential 返れる えれ [kàéréꜜrù]

Verb

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(かえ) (kaeruかへる (kaferu)?intransitive godan (stem (かえ) (kaeri), past (かえ)った (kaetta))

Japanese verb pair
active (かえ)
mediopassive (かえ)
  1. to return, to go back
  2. to reverse, to turn over
    1. to move in the opposite direction
    2. to interchange front and back
  3. to change color, to fade
  4. (of a year) to renew
  5. (by extension) to start over
  6. suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of a verb:
    1. to [verb] completely
    2. to [verb] over and over or repeatedly
      • , text here
        夜干(ぬば)(たま)()夜乎(よを)(ながみ)(かも)(わが)背子之(せこが)(いめ)()(いめ)西(にし)所見(みえ)(かへる)良武(らむ) [Man'yōgana]
        ぬばたまの()(なが)みかもわが背子(せこ)(いめ)(いめ)にし()かへるらむ [Modern spelling]
        nubatama no yo o nagami ka mo waga seko ga ime ni ime ni shi mie-kaeruran
        (please add an English translation of this example)

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "返る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 返ら かえら kaera
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 返り かえり kaeri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 返る かえる kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 返る かえる kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 返れ かえれ kaere
Meireikei ("imperative") 返れ かえれ kaere
Key constructions
Passive 返られる かえられる kaerareru
Causative 返らせる
返らす
かえらせる
かえらす
kaeraseru
kaerasu
Potential 返れる かえれる kaereru
Volitional 返ろう かえろう kaerō
Negative 返らない かえらない kaeranai
Negative continuative 返らず かえらず kaerazu
Formal 返ります かえります kaerimasu
Perfective 返った かえった kaetta
Conjunctive 返って かえって kaette
Hypothetical conditional 返れば かえれば kaereba
Classical conjugation of "返る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 返ら かへら kafera
Continuative (連用形) 返り かへり kaferi
Terminal (終止形) 返る かへる kaferu
Attributive (連体形) 返る かへる kaferu
Realis (已然形) 返れ かへれ kafere
Imperative (命令形) 返れ かへれ kafere
Key constructions
Negative 返らず かへらず kaferazu
Contrasting conjunction 返れど かへれど kaferedo
Causal conjunction 返れば かへれば kafereba
Conditional conjunction 返らば かへらば kaferaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 返りき かへりき kaferiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 返りけり かへりけり kaferikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 返りつ かへりつ kaferitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 返りぬ かへりぬ kaferinu
Perfect-continuative tense 返れり
返りたり
かへれり
かへりたり
kafereri
kaferitari
Volitional 返らむ かへらむ kaferamu

Derived terms

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Pellard, Thomas (2013), “Ryukyuan prespectives on the Proto-Japonic vowel system”, in Japanese/Korean Linguistics, page 92 of 81-96
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō