返る

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Japanese[edit]

Kanji in this term
返
かえ
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Alternative forms[edit]

  • (reverse, turn over; renew; continuative verb suffix): 反る

Etymology[edit]

⟨kape1ru⟩ → */kapʷeru/ → /kaferu/ → /kawʲeru/ → /kaeru/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *kapyaru.

Appears to be derived from a kape- stem, compare 返す (kaesu, “return”, transitive).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "返る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形) 		返る か​える [káꜜèrù]
Imperative (命令形) 返れ か​えれ [káꜜèrè]
Key constructions
Passive 返られる かえられ​る [kàéráréꜜrù]
Causative 返らせる かえらせ​る [kàéráséꜜrù]
Potential 返れる かえれ​る [kàéréꜜrù]
Volitional 返ろう かえろ​ー [kàéróꜜò]
Negative 返らない かえら​ない [kàéráꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 返らなかった かえら​なかった [kàéráꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 返ります かえりま​す [kàérímáꜜsù]
Perfective 返った か​えった [káꜜèttà]
Conjunctive 返って か​えって [káꜜèttè]
Hypothetical conditional 返れば か​えれば [káꜜèrèbà]

Verb[edit]

返(かえ)る • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?intransitive godan (stem 返(かえ)り (kaeri), past 返(かえ)った (kaetta))

Japanese verb pair
active 返す
mediopassive 返る
  1. to return, go back
  2. to reverse, turn over
    1. to move in the opposite direction
    2. to interchange front and back
  3. to change color, fade
  4. (of a year) to renew
  5. (by extension) to start over
  6. suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of a verb:
    1. to [verb] completely
    2. to [verb] over and over or repeatedly
      • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 12, poem 2890:
        , text here
        夜干(ぬば)玉(たま)之(の)夜乎(よを)長(ながみ)鴨(かも)吾(わが)背子之(せこが)夢(いめ)尓(に)夢(いめ)西(にし)所見(みえ)還(かへる)良武(らむ) [Man'yōgana]
        ぬばたまの夜(よ)を長(なが)みかもわが背子(せこ)が夢(いめ)に夢(いめ)にし見(み)えかへるらむ [Modern spelling]
        nubatama no yo o nagami ka mo waga seko ga ime ni ime ni shi mie-kaeruran
        (please add an English translation of this example)

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of "返る" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 返ら かえら kaera
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 返り かえり kaeri
Shūshikei ("terminal") 返る かえる kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 返る かえる kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 返れ かえれ kaere
Meireikei ("imperative") 返れ かえれ kaere
Key constructions
Passive 返られる かえられる kaerareru
Causative 返らせる
返らす 		かえらせる
かえらす 		kaeraseru
kaerasu
Potential 返れる かえれる kaereru
Volitional 返ろう かえろう kaerō
Negative 返らない かえらない kaeranai
Negative continuative 返らず かえらず kaerazu
Formal 返ります かえります kaerimasu
Perfective 返った かえった kaetta
Conjunctive 返って かえって kaette
Hypothetical conditional 返れば かえれば kaereba
Classical conjugation of "返る" (ラ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 返ら かへら kafera
Continuative (連用形) 返り かへり kaferi
Terminal (終止形) 返る かへる kaferu
Attributive (連体形) 返る かへる kaferu
Realis (已然形) 返れ かへれ kafere
Imperative (命令形) 返れ かへれ kafere
Key constructions
Negative 返らず かへらず kaferazu
Contrasting conjunction 返れど かへれど kaferedo
Causal conjunction 返れば かへれば kafereba
Conditional conjunction 返らば かへらば kaferaba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 返りき かへりき kaferiki
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 返りけり かへりけり kaferikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 返りつ かへりつ kaferitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 返りぬ かへりぬ kaferinu
Perfect-continuative tense 返れり
返りたり		 かへれり
かへりたり		 kafereri
kaferitari
Volitional 返らむ かへらむ kaferamu

Derived terms[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
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