靉靆
Chinese
| cloudy; shady | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (靉靆) | 靉 | 靆 | |
| simp. (叆叇) | 叆 | 叇 | |
| alternative forms | 僾逮／𫣊逮 “eyeglasses” 矮納／矮纳 “eyeglasses” | ||
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): oi2 doi6 / oi3 doi6
- Eastern Min (BUC): ái-dâi
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄞˋ ㄉㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: àidài
- Wade–Giles: ai4-tai4
- Yale: ài-dài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ayday
- Palladius: айдай (ajdaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀaɪ̯⁵¹⁻⁵³ taɪ̯⁵¹/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 愛戴／爱戴
靉靆／叆叇
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: oi2 doi6 / oi3 doi6
- Yale: ói doih / oi doih
- Cantonese Pinyin: oi2 doi6 / oi3 doi6
- Guangdong Romanization: oi2 doi6 / oi3 doi6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɔːi̯³⁵ tɔːi̯²²/, /ɔːi̯³³ tɔːi̯²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ái-dâi
- Sinological IPA (key): /ai²¹³⁻⁵³ (t-)lɑi²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Middle Chinese: 'ojH dojH
Etymology 1
Native reduplicative ideophone.
Adjective
(deprecated template usage) 靉靆
- (literary, ideophonic, of clouds) thick
- (literary, ideophonic, of the sky) gloomy; dark; cloudy
Derived terms
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Etymology 2
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Phono-semantic matching of a word from an unidentified foreign language (pronounced ai-dai, ai-na, etc.), since the 15th century CE (Chiu, 1936). Frequently cited etymons are Arabic عُوَيْنات (ʕuwaynāt), الْعُوَيْنات (al-ʕuwaynāt, “spectacles”, literally “little eyes”) and Persian عینک (eynak, “spectacles”), both derived from Arabic عَيْن (ʕayn, “eye”) (Chiu, 1936; Needham, 1962: 118–121; Hong, 1994; Chiu, 2015).
Semantically, the sense “eyeglasses” was associated with Etymology 1, the interpretation being that eyeglasses are what cover the eyes to allow one to see more clearly, akin to the way clouds cover the sky, according to Liuqing rizha (《留青日札》, 1573 CE) by Ming-dynasty scholar Tian Yiheng.
Noun
(deprecated template usage) 靉靆
- (literary, obsolete) eyeglasses; spectacles
- 靉靆如大錢……色如雲母。老人目力昏倦，不辨細書，以此掩目。精神不散，筆畫倍明。……出於西域滿利國。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: 16th century, Tian Yiheng (田藝蘅), 《留青日札》
- Àidài rú dàqián...... Sè rú yúnmǔ. Lǎorén mùlì hūnjuàn, bù biàn xìshū, yǐ cǐ yǎn mù. Jīngshén bù sàn, bǐhuà bèi míng....... Chū yú Xīyù Mǎnlìguó. [Pinyin]
- Ai-tai resemble big coins […] and their color is like talc. When eyes of old people are dizzy and tired, and cannot read fine print, they put ai-tai over their eyes, then their concentration will not be dispersed and the strokes of the characters will appear doubly clear. […] Ai-tai come from Malacca in the West [sic].
叆叇如大钱……色如云母。老人目力昏倦，不辨细书，以此掩目。精神不散，笔画倍明。……出于西域满利国。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
Synonyms
Descendants
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 靉 | 靆 |
| あい Hyōgai |
たい Hyōgai |
| kan'on | |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 靄靆 |
Etymology
From Middle Chinese 靉靆 (MC 'ojH dojH).
The “eyeglasses” sense is a borrowing of Mandarin 靉靆／叆叇 (àidài).
Pronunciation
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Adjective
靉靆 • (aitai) †-tari (adnominal 靉靆とした (aitai to shita) or 靉靆たる (aitai taru), adverbial 靉靆と (aitai to) or 靉靆として (aitai to shite))
Inflection
| Stem forms | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 靉靆たら | あいたいたら | aitaitara | |
| Continuative (連用形) | 靉靆と[1] 靉靆たり[2] |
あいたいと あいたいたり |
aitaito aitaitari | |
| Terminal (終止形) | 靉靆たり | あいたいたり | aitaitari | |
| Attributive (連体形) | 靉靆たる | あいたいたる | aitaitaru | |
| Realis (已然形) | 靉靆たれ | あいたいたれ | aitaitare | |
| Imperative (命令形) | 靉靆たれ | あいたいたれ | aitaitare | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Negative | 靉靆たらず | あいたいたらず | aitaitarazu | |
| Contrasting conjunction | 靉靆たれど | あいたいたれど | aitaitaredo | |
| Causal conjunction | 靉靆たれば | あいたいたれば | aitaitareba | |
| Conditional conjunction | 靉靆たらば | あいたいたらば | aitaitaraba | |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 靉靆たりき | あいたいたりき | aitaitariki | |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 靉靆たりけり | あいたいたりけり | aitaitarikeri | |
| Adverbial | 靉靆と | あいたいと | aitaito | |
| [1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. | ||||
Noun
- eyeglasses, spectacles
- Synonym: 眼鏡 (megane)
References
- Mandarin terms with homophones
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Cantonese adjectives
- Eastern Min adjectives
- Middle Chinese adjectives
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 靉
- Chinese terms spelled with 靆
- Chinese literary terms
- Chinese phono-semantic matchings
- Chinese terms borrowed from Arabic
- Chinese terms derived from Arabic
- Chinese terms borrowed from Persian
- Chinese terms derived from Persian
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese disyllabic morphemes
- Japanese terms spelled with 靉 read as あい
- Japanese terms spelled with 靆 read as たい
- Japanese terms read with kan'on
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese terms borrowed from Mandarin
- Japanese terms derived from Mandarin
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese たり-tari adjectives
- Japanese terms spelled with hyōgai kanji
- Japanese terms with 2 kanji
- Japanese nouns