馬

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See also: 马
馬 U+99AC, 馬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-99AC
← 馫
[U+99AB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 馭 →
[U+99AD]
⾺ U+2FBA, ⾺
KANGXI RADICAL HORSE
← ⾹
[U+2FB9] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾻ →
[U+2FBB]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Stroke order
(Hong Kong)

Han character[edit]

See images of
Radical 187 馬

馬 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+0, 10 strokes, cangjie input 尸手尸火 (SQSF), four-corner 71327, composition ⿹⿺㇉⿻三丨灬)

  1. Kangxi radical #187, ⾺.

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1433, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1956, character 34
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4539, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+99AC

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 馬
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
Characters in the same phonetic series (馬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
馬 *mraːʔ
碼 *mraːʔ
罵 *mraːʔ, *mraːs
鷌 *mraːʔ
鰢 *mraːʔ
瑪 *mraːʔ
榪 *mraːs
傌 *mraːs
禡 *mraːs
媽 *maːʔ
Semi-cursive script Cursive script

Pictogram (象形) – a horse with its head facing the left, showing a flowing mane in the wind. In the bronze inscriptions, the head was often simplified into an eye (目). The legs eventually evolved into four dots (灬, unrelated to 火).

Contrast with 鹿 (“deer”), which saw a very different development, and 𢊁 (as in 薦), which is a hybrid: it has the legs of 馬 (灬) but the head of 鹿.

Etymology[edit]

trad. 馬
simp. 马
alternative forms
 
𫠉
傌／骂
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𫠉
傌／骂
𢒗
𢒠
𢒧
𩡬
𩡮
抹 Sichuan senses
碼／码 “to bully”
Wikipedia has articles on:

“Horse” – from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-m-raŋ ~ s-raŋ. The sense of “big” is derived from “horse”; compare the English uses of horse.

For the insect prefix sense, see 螞. It has converged with the sense of “big”.

The surname is popularly known to be prevalent among Hui Muslims, where it is likely derived from Arabic مُحَمَّد‎ (muḥammad, “Muhammad”), although the surname 馬 itself predates Islam.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • bé/bée - vernacular (bée - possibly incl. the surname sense);
  • má - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • bhê2 - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • ma2 - literary (used in 馬上, 馬虎);
  • ma6 - dialectal usage ("careless, sloppy").
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 馬
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 莫下切
    Baxter maeX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mˠaX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mᵚaX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/maX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/maɨX/
    Li
    Rong         		/maX/
    Wang
    Li         		/maX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/maX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		mǎ
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		maa5
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 馬
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		mǎ
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mæX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mˁraʔ/
    English horse

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 馬
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 8715
    Phonetic
    component         		馬
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		馬
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mraːʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    馬

    1. horse (Classifier: 匹 m c; 隻／只 m c)
    2. horse-shaped
    3. (chess) knight
    4. (xiangqi) knight; horse (on the black side)
    5. Original form of 碼／码 (mǎ, “chip for counting”).
    6. big (prefix for nouns)
      馬勺／马勺  ―  mǎsháo  ―  ladle (big spoon)
    7. (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to bully
    8. (Sichuanese) to keep a straight face
    9. Prefix for names of insects, also written as 螞.
    10. Short for 馬祖／马祖 (Mǎzǔ, “Matsu”).
    11. Short for 馬來西亞／马来西亚 (Mǎláixīyà, “Malaysia”).
    12. (Mainland China) Short for 馬克思／马克思 (Mǎkèsī, “Marx”).
    13. a surname
      馬步芳／马步芳  ―  Mǎ Bùfāng  ―  Ma Bufang (Chinese warlord and member of Ma clique)
      馬英九／马英九  ―  Mǎ Yīngjiǔ  ―  Ma Ying-jeou (President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), 2008-2016)

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 馬 (“horse”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 馬
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 馬, 馬匹
    Taxonomic name 馬
    Mandarin Beijing 馬, 馬兒
    Taiwan 馬
    Harbin 馬
    Yantai (Muping) 馬
    Jinan 馬
    Luoyang 馬
    Wanrong 馬
    Xi'an 馬
    Yinchuan 馬
    Lanzhou 馬
    Xining 馬, 達冒兒馬
    Ürümqi 馬
    Wuhan 馬
    Chengdu 馬
    Chongqing 馬, 馬兒
    Guiyang 馬, 馬兒
    Liuzhou 馬
    Yangzhou 馬
    Nanjing 馬
    Hefei 馬
    Malaysia 馬
    Singapore 馬
    Cantonese Guangzhou 馬
    Hong Kong 馬
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 馬
    Macau 馬
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 馬
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 馬
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 馬
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 馬
    Foshan 馬
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 馬
    Foshan (Shunde) 馬
    Foshan (Sanshui) 馬
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 馬
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 馬
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 馬
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 馬
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 馬
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 馬
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 馬
    Taishan 馬
    Kaiping (Chikan) 馬
    Enping (Niujiang) 馬
    Heshan (Yayao) 馬
    Dongguan 馬
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 馬
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 馬
    Singapore (Guangfu) 馬
    Gan Nanchang 馬
    Lichuan 馬
    Pingxiang 馬
    Hakka Meixian 馬
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 馬
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 馬
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 馬
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 馬
    Conghua (Lütian) 馬
    Yudu 馬
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 馬仔
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 馬仔
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 馬
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 馬
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 馬
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 馬
    Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 馬
    Singkawang 馬
    Huizhou Jixi 馬
    Jin Taiyuan 馬兒, 馬
    Min Bei Jian'ou 馬
    Jian'ou (Dikou) 馬
    Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 馬
    Pucheng (Shibei) 馬
    Min Dong Fuzhou 馬
    Matsu 馬
    Min Nan Xiamen 馬
    Quanzhou 馬
    Zhangzhou 馬
    Zhao'an 馬
    Kaohsiung 馬
    Yilan 馬
    Changhua (Lukang) 馬
    Taichung 馬
    Taichung (Wuqi) 馬
    Tainan 馬
    Taitung 馬
    Hsinchu 馬
    Penghu (Magong) 馬
    Penang (Hokkien) 馬
    Singapore (Hokkien) 馬
    Manila (Hokkien) 馬
    Chaozhou 馬
    Shantou 馬
    Shantou (Chenghai) 馬
    Haifeng 馬
    Singapore (Teochew) 馬
    Leizhou 馬
    Haikou 馬
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 馬
    Wu Shanghai 馬
    Shanghai (Chongming) 馬
    Suzhou 馬
    Danyang 馬
    Hangzhou 馬, 馬兒
    Ningbo 馬
    Wenzhou 馬
    Jinhua 馬
    Xiang Changsha 馬
    Loudi 馬
    Shuangfeng 馬

    Coordinate terms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (馬):
    • → Japanese: 馬(ば) (ba)
    • → Korean: 마(馬) (ma)
    • → Vietnamese: mã (馬, “(xiangqi) horse; (chess) knight”)

    Others:

    See also[edit]

    Chess pieces in Chinese · 國際象棋棋子 (layout · text)
    ♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
    王 (wáng),
    國王／国王 (guówáng)     		后 (hòu),
    皇后 (huánghòu)     		車／车 (jū),
    城堡 (chéngbǎo)     		象 (xiàng),
    主教 (zhǔjiào)     		馬／马 (mǎ),
    騎士／骑士 (qíshì)     		兵 (bīng)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    Stroke order (Japan)
    10 strokes
    馬

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. horse

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia
    馬 (uma, muma): a pair of horses.
    Kanji in this term
    馬
    うま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese.[1] Recorded in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE as having been brought over from the Korean peninsula kingdom of Baekje, with the earlier reading of ma. The initial m sound was apparently emphasized,[1][2] possibly similar to *mma, becoming then uma or muma, via processes also seen in the word 梅 (ume, mume, “plum”). However, Pellard simply reconstructs Proto-Japonic *uma and treats the mentioned processes as secondary.[3]

    The ma sound denoting "horse" is common to a number of languages of central Asia, where horses were first domesticated, which has led some to speculate about a possible cognate root (but no consensus on any kind of relation exists). Compare Manchu ᠮᠣᡵᡳᠨ (morin, “horse”), Mongolian морь (morʹ, “horse”), Korean 말 (mal, “horse”), Mandarin 馬／马 (mǎ, “horse”), and Proto-Indo-European *márkos (“horse”) and descendants such as Irish marc (“horse”, archaic) or English mare (“female horse”). More at *márkos.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    馬(うま) • (uma)  (counter 匹)

    1. a horse
    2. (shogi) a promoted bishop
    3. a sawhorse: a four-leg stand made of wood or iron for supporting other materials
    Usage notes[edit]

    As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウマ.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    馬
    むま
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Shift from uma form, becoming more common starting from the Heian Period.[1] This change later reverted, and muma is now considered obsolete.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    馬(むま) • (muma) 

    1. (obsolete) a horse
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 20, poem 4372)
        阿志加良能 美佐可多麻波理 可閇理美須 阿例波久江由久 阿良志乎母 多志夜波婆可流 不破乃世伎 久江弖和波由久 牟麻能都米 都久志能佐伎尓 知麻利為弖 阿例波伊波々牟 母呂々々波 佐祁久等麻乎須 可閇利久麻弖尓
        (please add an English translation of this quote)
      • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
        ふぢはらのときざね、ふなぢなれど、むまのはなむけす。
        (please add an English translation of this quote)
      • c. 935 Tosa Nikki
        けふはあをむまをおもへど、かひなし。
        Today even thinking about the blue horse [New Year's festival] is in vain.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    馬
    ば
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 馬 (MC mˠaX). The 漢音 (kan'on), so a later borrowing. Compare Min Nan 馬／马 (bé, bée, má) where some of the readings show a shift from initial nasal /m-/ to voiced plosive /b-/.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    馬(ば) • (ba) 

    1. horse
      競(けい)馬(ば)
      keiba
      horse racing

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ Pellard, Thomas (2013), “Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system”, in Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter, editors, Japanese/Korean Linguistics‎[1], issue 20, CSLI Publications, page 85
    4. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    馬 (eumhun 말 마 (mal ma))
    馬 (eumhun 성 마 (seong ma))

    1. Hanja form? of 마 (“horse (in compounds)”).

    Compounds[edit]

    See also[edit]

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    馬

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    /ʔuma/ → /ʔɴ̩ma/

    Cognate with Japanese 馬.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    馬 (hiragana っんま, rōmaji 'nma)

    1. a horse
      馬(っんま)ー草(くさ)ゆ食(か)むん。
      'Nmā kusa yu kamun.
      The horse eats grass.

    References[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    馬: Hán Việt readings: mã (莫(mạc)下(hạ)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    馬: Nôm readings: mựa[1][2][6][4][5][7], mã[1][2][4][5][7], mở[1][2][3], mứa[6][5][7], mả[1][2], mỡ[1], ngựa[2]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    馬 • (mã)

    1. chữ Hán form of mã (“horse”).
    2. chữ Hán form of mã (“(xiangqi) a knight; any piece labeled with 馬”).
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Adjective[edit]

    馬 • (mứa)

    1. Nôm form of mứa (“excessive”).

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Verb[edit]

    馬 • (mựa)

    1. Nôm form of mựa (“(dialectal) don't”).

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    馬 • (mả)

    1. Nôm form of mả (“tomb; grave”).
      • 19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu (阮廷沼), Lục Vân Tiên (蓼雲僊) [Tale of Lục Vân Tiên], published 1916, lines 921–922:
        小(tiểu)童(đồng)庄(chẳng)及(kịp)哙(hỏi)㗍(han)
        𦣰(nằm)陵(lăn)边(bên)馬(mả)哭(khóc)嘆(than)徘(bồi)徊(hồi)
        Before the page has a chance to pay a visit,
        He throws himself down upon the grave, crying, lamenting, fretting.

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Verb[edit]

    馬 • (mở)

    1. Nôm form of mở (“to open”).

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    馬 • (ngựa)

    1. Alternative form of 馭 (“Nôm form of ngựa (“horse”).”)

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hồ (1976).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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