騎

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See also: 骑
騎 U+9A0E, 騎
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9A0E
← 騍
[U+9A0D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 騏 →
[U+9A0F]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

騎 (Kangxi radical 187, 馬+8, 18 strokes, cangjie input 尸火大一口 (SFKMR), four-corner 74321, composition ⿰馬奇)

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1440, character 36
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 44817
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1964, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4560, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+9A0E

Chinese[edit]

trad. 騎
simp. 骑

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (奇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
奇 *kral, *ɡral
畸 *kral
剞 *kral, *kralʔ
羇 *kral
掎 *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰrals
攲 *kral, *kralʔ, *kʰral
躸 *kral
踦 *kralʔ, *kʰral
寄 *krals
徛 *krals, *ɡralʔ
欹 *kʰral, *qral
崎 *kʰral, *ɡɯl
觭 *kʰral, *kʰralʔ
碕 *kʰral, *kʰralʔ, *ɡral, *ɡɯl
綺 *kʰralʔ
婍 *kʰralʔ
騎 *ɡral, *ɡrals
琦 *ɡral
鵸 *ɡral
錡 *ɡral, *ɡralʔ, *ŋɡralʔ
輢 *ɡrals, *qralʔ, *qrals
齮 *ŋɡralʔ
犄 *qral
猗 *qral, *qralʔ
椅 *qral, *qralʔ
旖 *qral, *qralʔ
陭 *qral, *qrals
檹 *qral
漪 *qral
倚 *qralʔ, *qrals

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡral, *ɡrals): semantic 馬 (“horse”) + phonetic 奇 (OC *kral, *ɡral) – to ride horseback

Etymology[edit]

Wanderwort in the E/SE Asian Sprachbund. The STEDT reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gi (“to ride; to sit astride; to sit (horse)”), and comments that "many of the TB forms seem to be borrowings from Chinese 騎".

Outside Sino-Tibetan, cognates are also found in Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai and some Mon-Khmer languages. Benedict (1975) surmises that this is an ancient loan into Proto-Sino-Tibetan from Austro-Tai:

... but these [Tibeto-Burman] forms appear to involve old loans from AT [Austro-Tai] with typical loss of an original medial *w (Thai *khwi ~ *gwi).

while Peiros (1998), Sagart (2006), Schuessler (2007) (who suggests that 騎 (OC gai, “to ride”) is possibly endopassive "let oneself be carried (on the back of an animal)" of 荷 (OC gâiʔ, “to carry”)) and Pittayaporn (2014) think the directionality of borrowing is reversed. The following excerpt is taken from Sagart's review (2006) of Matisoff's book Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman (2003):

The collection of forms under Matisoff's high-vowelled *gyi 'ride' are from TB languages in contact with Chinese (Lolo-Burmese, Qiangic, Tujia): they are best regarded as late loans from Chinese. ... The idea that the Chinese vocabulary of agriculture, metallurgy, horse-riding etc. might contain numerous loans from an early SEA language is simply not to be taken seriously in view of modern Asian archaeology (Bellwood 1997), quite apart from the fact that it makes no linguistic sense (Sagart 1999 for metal names). Yet Matisoff's book is scattered with observations telling the reader that words like 'writing brush' and 'ride' just discussed may well be loans from Austro-Tai into ST (188; 504).

Below lists some cognates for "to ride" found in various languages in this Sprachbund.

Also compare Proto-Austronesian *sakay (“catch a ride, join a group, ride on something”).

Pronunciation 2 is a Late Old Chinese general purpose derivation from Pronunciation 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • ke4 - vernacular;
  • kei4 - literary.
  • Gan
  • Hakka
  • Jin
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
    • Note:
    • kiè - colloquial (“to ride”);
    • kià - colloquial (“to straddle; to bestride”).
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • khiâ/khâ - vernacular;
    • khî/kî - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 騎
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 支 (13)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III
    Fanqie 渠羈切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡˠiᴇ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡᵚiɛ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡiɛ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/gjiə̆/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡje/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡǐe/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gie̯/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		qí
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		kei4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 騎
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		qí
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gje ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*C.ɡ(r)aj/ (~ *[Cə.ɡ](r)aj)
    English straddle; ride

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 騎
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 9998
    Phonetic
    component         		奇
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		竒
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡral/

    Definitions[edit]

    騎

    1. to ride (a horse, bicycle, etc.)
    2. to sit astride
    3. (vulgar) to ride; to mount (someone in sex)
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 騎 (“to ride (a bicycle)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 騎
    Mandarin Taiwan 騎
    Wanrong 騎
    Xi'an 騎
    Liuzhou 踩, 騎
    Yangzhou 騎
    Malaysia 騎
    Singapore 騎
    Cantonese Guangzhou 踩, 踹
    Hong Kong 踩, 踹
    Taishan 踩
    Dongguan 踩
    Hakka Meixian 騎, 踩
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 騎
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 騎
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 騎
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 騎
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 騎
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 騎
    Min Dong Fuzhou 騎
    Min Nan Xiamen 騎
    Quanzhou 騎
    Zhangzhou 騎
    Tainan 騎
    Penang (Hokkien) 踏
    Singapore (Hokkien) 踏
    Manila (Hokkien) 踏
    Singapore (Teochew) 踏
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 坐, 踩

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 騎

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • kei3 - vernacular;
    • gei6 - literary.
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
    • Rime
    Character 騎
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 支 (13)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III
    Fanqie 奇寄切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡˠiᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡᵚiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡiɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/gjiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡjeH/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡǐeH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gei6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 騎
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		qí
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjeH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɡ](r)aj-s/
    English rider

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 騎
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 10005
    Phonetic
    component         		奇
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		芰
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡrals/

    Definitions[edit]

    騎

    1. horse or vehicle that one rides on
    2. mounted soldier
    3. (literary) Classifier for soldiers or warhorses.
    4. A surname​.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 騎

    Further reading[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    騎

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. ride horseback
    2. mount
    3. cavalry

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    騎
    き
    Grade: S
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 騎 (MC ɡˠiᴇ, ɡˠiᴇH). Already used phonetically in Old Japanese to spell unvoiced ki, as in the place name 阿騎・安騎 (Aki, a former hunting ground in Nara).[1]

    Attested as a counter in the early 1200s, and as a standalone noun in the late 1800s.[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    騎(き) • (ki) 

    1. riding on horseback
    2. a horseperson

    Counter[edit]

    騎(き) • (-ki) 

    1. [early 1200s] horseperson

    Noun[edit]

    騎(き) • (ki) 

    1. riding on horseback
    2. [1877] (rare) a horseperson

    References[edit]

    1. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 1, poem 45), available online here (in Japanese)
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    騎 (eumhun 말을 탈 기 (mareul tal gi))

    1. Hanja form? of 기 (“to ride (a horse)”).

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    騎: Hán Nôm readings: kị, kỵ, cưỡi, cỡi

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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