되다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다 (Yale: toWoyta).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [twe̞da̠] ~ [tø̞da̠]

  • (file)

• Phonetic hangul: [뒈다/되다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	doeda
McCune–Reischauer?	toeda
Yale Romanization?	toyta

Verb

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)

1. to become

   왕이 되다 ― wang-i doeda ― to become king

   씨가 나무가 되다 ― ssi-ga namu-ga doeda ― for the seed to become a tree

2. (of a time) to come, to arrive

   약속한 시간이 되었다. ― Yaksokhan sigan-i doeeotda. ― The appointed time has arrived.

3. (auxiliary, after the 어/아 (-eo/-a) infinitive) to be permissible; to be OK; may

   질문 해도 돼요? ― jilmun haedo dwaeyo? ― May [I] ask a question?

4. to be... -ed; follows nouns and nominals to form passive verbs. The noun functions as the 이 (-i) / 가 (-ga)-complement of the verb. When there is no particle in between, the construction is written without spaces.

   Coordinate term: 하다 (hada, for active verbs)

   ‎과장 (gwajang, “exaggeration”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎과장되다 (gwajangdoeda, “to be exaggerated”)

   ‎납치 (napchi, “kidnapping”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎납치되다 (napchidoeda, “to be kidnapped”)

   언론에서 사건이 지나치게 과장이 되었습니다.

   Eollon-eseo sageon-i jinachige gwajang-i doeeotseumnida.

   The incident has been excessively exaggerated in the media.

   납치는 되었으나 살해되지는 않았습니다.

   Napchi-neun doeeosseuna salhae-doeji-neun anatseumnida.

   He has been kidnapped, but not murdered.

5. Forms certain adjectives.

   ‎속 (sok, “being secular; being vulgar”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎속되다 (sokdoeda, “to be vulgar”)

Usage notes

• Both the subject and the complement of this verb take the "nominative" case markers, 이 (-i) for consonant-final nouns and 가 (-ga) for vowel-final ones.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 되다 (doeda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	된다 doenda	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니다 doemnida
	Past	됐다 dwaetda	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니다 dwaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되느냐 doeneunya	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니까 doemnikka
	Past	됐느냐 dwaenneunya	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니까 dwaetseumnikka
Hortative		되자 doeja	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	되십시다 doesipsida
Imperative		돼라, 되어라 dwaera, doeeora	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩시오 doepsio
Assertive		되겠다 doegetda	되겠어 doegesseo	되겠어요 doegesseoyo	되겠습니다 doegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		돼 dwae	돼서, 되어서 dwaeseo, doeeoseo	되니 doeni	되니까 doenikka
Contrast		되지만 doejiman	되는데 doeneunde	되더니 doedeoni
Conjunction		되고 doego
Condition		되면 doemyeon	돼야, 되어야 dwaeya, doeeoya
Motive		되려고 doeryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		됨 doem	되기 doegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		됐음, 되었음 dwaesseum, doeeosseum	됐기, 되었기 dwaetgi, doeeotgi
Determiners	Past	된 doen
	Present	되는 doeneun
	Future	될 doel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되신다 doesinda	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니다 doesimnida
	Past	되셨다 doesyeotda	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니다 doesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되시느냐 doesineunya	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니까 doesimnikka
	Past	되셨느냐 doesyeonneunya	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니까 doesyeotseumnikka
Imperative		되시라 doesira	되셔 doesyeo	되세요 doeseyo	되십시오 doesipsio
Assertive		되시겠다 doesigetda	되시겠어 doesigesseo	되시겠어요 doesigesseoyo	되시겠습니다 doesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		되셔 doesyeo	되셔서 doesyeoseo	되시니 doesini	되시니까 doesinikka
Contrast		되시지만 doesijiman	되시는데 doesineunde	되시더니 doesideoni
Conjunction		되시고 doesigo
Condition		되시면 doesimyeon	되셔야 doesyeoya
Motive		되시려고 doesiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		되심 doesim	되시기 doesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		되셨음 doesyeosseum	되셨기 doesyeotgi
Determiners	Past	되신 doesin
	Present	되시는 doesineun
	Future	되실 doesil

Derived terms

Korean terms suffixed with -되다

Etymology 2

First attested in the Eonhae duchang jibyo (諺解痘瘡集要 / 언해두창집요), 1608, as Early Modern Korean 되다 (Yale: twoyta).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [뒈(ː)다/되(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	doeda
McCune–Reischauer?	toeda
Yale Romanization?	tōyta

Adjective

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)

1. (to be) hard
2. (to be) thick
3. (to be) severe

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 되다 (doeda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되다 doeda	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니다 doemnida
	Past	됐다 dwaetda	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니다 dwaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되냐 doenya	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니까 doemnikka
	Past	됐냐 dwaennya	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니까 dwaetseumnikka
Assertive		되겠다 doegetda	되겠어 doegesseo	되겠어요 doegesseoyo	되겠습니다 doegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		돼 dwae	돼서, 되어서 dwaeseo, doeeoseo	되니 doeni	되니까 doenikka
Contrast		되지만 doejiman	된데 doende	되더니 doedeoni
Conjunction		되고 doego
Condition		되면 doemyeon	돼야, 되어야 dwaeya, doeeoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		됨 doem	되기 doegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		됐음, 되었음 dwaesseum, doeeosseum	됐기, 되었기 dwaetgi, doeeotgi
Determiners	Present		된 doen
	Future		될 doel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Plain (해라체)	Informal (해체)	Polite (해요체)	Formal (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되시다 doesida	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니다 doesimnida
	Past	되셨다 doesyeotda	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니다 doesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되시냐 doesinya	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니까 doesimnikka
	Past	되셨냐 doesyeonnya	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니까 doesyeotseumnikka
Assertive		되시겠다 doesigetda	되시겠어 doesigesseo	되시겠어요 doesigesseoyo	되시겠습니다 doesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		되셔 doesyeo	되셔서 doesyeoseo	되시니 doesini	되시니까 doesinikka
Contrast		되시지만 doesijiman	되신데 doesinde	되시더니 doesideoni
Conjunction		되시고 doesigo
Condition		되시면 doesimyeon	되셔야 doesyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		되심 doesim	되시기 doesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		되셨음 doesyeosseum	되셨기 doesyeotgi
Determiners	Present		되신 doesin
	Future		되실 doesil