되다

Korean

Etymology 1

First attested in the Hunminjeong'eum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본), 1446, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞ외다〮 (Yale: tòwòytá). Also attested in the Yongbi eocheon'ga (龍飛御天歌 / 용비어천가), 1447, as Middle Korean ᄃᆞᄫᆡ다〮 (Yale: tòWòytá).

Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [twe̞da̠] ~ [tø̞da̠]

  • Audio:

    (file)

• Phonetic hangul: [뒈다/되다]

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	doeda
McCune–Reischauer?	toeda
Yale Romanization?	toyta

Verb

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)

1. to become

   왕이 되다 ― wang-i doeda ― to become king

   씨가 나무가 되다 ― ssi-ga namu-ga doeda ― for the seed to become a tree

2. (of a time) to come, to arrive

   약속한 시간이 되었다. ― Yaksokhan sigan-i doeeotda. ― The appointed time has arrived.

3. (auxiliary, after the 어/아 (-eo/-a) infinitive) to be permissible; to be OK; may

   질문 해도 돼요? ― jilmun haedo dwaeyo? ― May [I] ask a question?

4. to be... -ed; follows nouns and nominals to form passive verbs. The noun functions as the -이 (-i) / -가 (-ga)-complement of the verb. When there is no particle in between, the construction is written without spaces.

   Coordinate term: 하다 (hada, for active verbs)

   ‎과장(誇張) (gwajang, “exaggeration”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎과장되다 (gwajangdoeda, “to be exaggerated”)

   ‎납치(拉致) (napchi, “kidnapping”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎납치되다 (napchidoeda, “to be kidnapped”)

   언론에서 사건이 지나치게 과장이 되었습니다.

   Eollon-eseo sageon-i jinachige gwajang-i doeeotseumnida.

   The incident has been excessively exaggerated in the media.

   납치는 되었으나 살해되지는 않았습니다.

   Napchi-neun doeeosseuna salhae-doeji-neun anatseumnida.

   He has been kidnapped, but not murdered.

5. Forms certain adjectives.

   ‎속(俗) (sok, “being secular; being vulgar”) + ‎되다 (doeda) → ‎속되다 (sokdoeda, “to be vulgar”)

Usage notes

• Both the subject and the complement of this verb take the "nominative" case markers, -이 (-i) for consonant-final nouns and -가 (-ga) for vowel-final ones.

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 되다 (doeda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	된다 doenda	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니다 doemnida
	Past	됐다 dwaetda	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니다 dwaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되느냐 doeneunya	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니까 doemnikka
	Past	됐느냐 dwaenneunya	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니까 dwaetseumnikka
Hortative		되자 doeja	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	되십시다 doesipsida
Imperative		돼라, 되어라 dwaera, doeeora	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩시오 doepsio
Assertive		되겠다 doegetda	되겠어 doegesseo	되겠어요 doegesseoyo	되겠습니다 doegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		돼 dwae	돼서, 되어서 dwaeseo, doeeoseo	되니 doeni	되니까 doenikka
Contrast		되지만 doejiman	되는데 doeneunde	되더니 doedeoni
Conjunction		되고 doego
Condition		되면 doemyeon	돼야, 되어야 dwaeya, doeeoya
Motive		되려고 doeryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		됨 doem	되기 doegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		됐음, 되었음 dwaesseum, doeeosseum	됐기, 되었기 dwaetgi, doeeotgi
Determiners	Past	된 doen
	Present	되는 doeneun
	Future	될 doel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되신다 doesinda	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니다 doesimnida
	Past	되셨다 doesyeotda	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니다 doesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되시느냐 doesineunya	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니까 doesimnikka
	Past	되셨느냐 doesyeonneunya	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니까 doesyeotseumnikka
Imperative		되시라 doesira	되셔 doesyeo	되세요 doeseyo	되십시오 doesipsio
Assertive		되시겠다 doesigetda	되시겠어 doesigesseo	되시겠어요 doesigesseoyo	되시겠습니다 doesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		되셔 doesyeo	되셔서 doesyeoseo	되시니 doesini	되시니까 doesinikka
Contrast		되시지만 doesijiman	되시는데 doesineunde	되시더니 doesideoni
Conjunction		되시고 doesigo
Condition		되시면 doesimyeon	되셔야 doesyeoya
Motive		되시려고 doesiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		되심 doesim	되시기 doesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		되셨음 doesyeosseum	되셨기 doesyeotgi
Determiners	Past	되신 doesin
	Present	되시는 doesineun
	Future	되실 doesil

Derived terms

Korean terms suffixed with -되다

가공되다

가동되다

가산되다

가설되다

가책되다

감당되다

감명되다

강점되다

강탈되다

개명되다

개발되다

개방되다

개봉되다

개사되다

개선되다

개시되다

개장되다

개조되다

개혁되다

개화되다

거부되다

걱정되다

건조되다

검열되다

검출되다

게시되다

게양되다

게재되다

격려되다

견책되다

결정되다

결합되다

경직되다

경험되다

계속되다

계획되다

고되다

고립되다

고정되다

고조되다

공개되다

공급되다

공변되다

과금되다

과대평가되다

과장되다

관계되다

관련되다

교란되다

교육되다

교환되다

구니되다

구류되다

구매되다

구별되다

구분되다

구성되다

구속되다

구현되다

규정되다

규제되다

규탄되다

그릇되다

금기시되다

금지되다

급여되다

기대되다

기만되다

기소되다

기억되다

기증되다

긴장되다

나포되다

날조되다

납북되다

납치되다

낭독되다

낭송되다

논쟁되다

단종되다

답습되다

도륙되다

독립되다

돌파되다

두절되다

등록되다

마련되다

마찰되다

만회되다

목격되다

몰수되다

무장되다

민주화되다

밀렵되다

밀집되다

박탈되다

발간되다

발견되다

발굴되다

발매되다

발명되다

발전되다

발표되다

배달되다

보장되다

부착되다

분기되다

분별되다

분해되다

붕괴되다

비롯되다

사막화되다

사용되다

살해되다

상환되다

색칠되다

생각되다

생산되다

선언되다

선호되다

설치되다

성립되다

세련되다

소개되다

소요되다

속되다

숙성되다

숭배되다

승진되다

시작되다

신격화되다

실시되다

실종되다

악화되다

안정되다

앳되다

엄선되다

연결되다

연구되다

예상되다

오래되다

오염되다

요구되다

유괴되다

유래되다

의심되다

이용되다

이해되다

인쇄되다

잘못되다

적용되다

전개되다

전달되다

제시되다

제한되다

조성되다

좆되다

주되다

중복되다

중요시되다

증가되다

지속되다

지적되다

지정되다

진행되다

집중되다

참되다

창립되다

창설되다

채택되다

청구되다

촬영되다

최대화되다

최소화되다

출토되다

충만되다

취소되다

터부시되다

통일되다

투자되다

파괴되다

평가되다

폐지되다

포함되다

표현되다

한정되다

합법화되다

해결되다

해당되다

형성되다

호전되다

확대되다

확산되다

확인되다

• 못되다 (motdoeda)
• 잘되다 (jaldoeda)

Etymology 2

First attested in the Worin seokbo (月印釋譜 / 월인석보), 1459, as Middle Korean 되〯다〮 (Yale: twǒytá).

Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [뒈(ː)다/되(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	doeda
McCune–Reischauer?	toeda
Yale Romanization?	tōyta

Adjective

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니) (possibly dated)

1. (of paste or rice) (to be) hard, (to be) thick

   Antonym: 묽다 (mukda)

2. (to be) severe

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the adjective 되다 (doeda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되다 doeda	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니다 doemnida
	Past	됐다 dwaetda	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니다 dwaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되냐 doenya	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니까 doemnikka
	Past	됐냐 dwaennya	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니까 dwaetseumnikka
Assertive		되겠다 doegetda	되겠어 doegesseo	되겠어요 doegesseoyo	되겠습니다 doegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		돼 dwae	돼서, 되어서 dwaeseo, doeeoseo	되니 doeni	되니까 doenikka
Contrast		되지만 doejiman	된데 doende	되더니 doedeoni
Conjunction		되고 doego
Condition		되면 doemyeon	돼야, 되어야 dwaeya, doeeoya
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		됨 doem	되기 doegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		됐음, 되었음 dwaesseum, doeeosseum	됐기, 되었기 dwaetgi, doeeotgi
Determiners	Present		된 doen
	Future		될 doel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되시다 doesida	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니다 doesimnida
	Past	되셨다 doesyeotda	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니다 doesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되시냐 doesinya	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니까 doesimnikka
	Past	되셨냐 doesyeonnya	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니까 doesyeotseumnikka
Assertive		되시겠다 doesigetda	되시겠어 doesigesseo	되시겠어요 doesigesseoyo	되시겠습니다 doesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		되셔 doesyeo	되셔서 doesyeoseo	되시니 doesini	되시니까 doesinikka
Contrast		되시지만 doesijiman	되신데 doesinde	되시더니 doesideoni
Conjunction		되시고 doesigo
Condition		되시면 doesimyeon	되셔야 doesyeoya
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		되심 doesim	되시기 doesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		되셨음 doesyeosseum	되셨기 doesyeotgi
Determiners	Present		되신 doesin
	Future		되실 doesil

Derived terms

nouns

• 된맛 (doenmat)
• 된소리 (doensori)
• 된욕 (doenyok)
• 된장 (doenjang)

adverbs

• 되게 (doege)
• 되우 (doe'u)

adjectives

• 호되다 (hodoeda)

Etymology 3

First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 되〮다〮 (Yale: twóytá).

Cognate with Jeju 뒈다 (dweda).

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ˈtwe̞(ː)da̠] ~ [ˈtø̞(ː)da̠]
• Phonetic hangul: [뒈(ː)다/되(ː)다]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Romanizations
Revised Romanization?	doeda
Revised Romanization (translit.)?	doeda
McCune–Reischauer?	toeda
Yale Romanization?	tōyta

Verb

되다 • (doeda) (infinitive 돼 or 되어, sequential 되니)

1. (transitive, dated, used with -을 (-eul) and -으로 (-euro)) to measure the amount of powder, grains, liquids, etc., using measurements such as 말 (mal), 되 (doe), and 홉 (hop)

   쌀을 되로 되다 ― ssar-eul doe-ro doeda ― to grains rice in dwe

Conjugation

    Selected forms of the verb 되다 (doeda): vowel-stem, regular

Sentence-final forms
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	된다 doenda	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니다 doemnida
	Past	됐다 dwaetda	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니다 dwaetseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되느냐 doeneunya	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩니까 doemnikka
	Past	됐느냐 dwaenneunya	됐어 dwaesseo	됐어요 dwaesseoyo	됐습니까 dwaetseumnikka
Hortative		되자 doeja	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	되십시다 doesipsida
Imperative		돼라, 되어라 dwaera, doeeora	돼 dwae	돼요, 되어요 dwaeyo, doeeoyo	됩시오 doepsio
Assertive		되겠다 doegetda	되겠어 doegesseo	되겠어요 doegesseoyo	되겠습니다 doegetseumnida
Connective forms
Cause/Reason		돼 dwae	돼서, 되어서 dwaeseo, doeeoseo	되니 doeni	되니까 doenikka
Contrast		되지만 doejiman	되는데 doeneunde	되더니 doedeoni
Conjunction		되고 doego
Condition		되면 doemyeon	돼야, 되어야 dwaeya, doeeoya
Motive		되려고 doeryeogo
Noun and determiner forms
Verbal nouns		됨 doem	되기 doegi
Past-tense verbal nouns		됐음, 되었음 dwaesseum, doeeosseum	됐기, 되었기 dwaetgi, doeeotgi
Determiners	Past	된 doen
	Present	되는 doeneun
	Future	될 doel

Sentence-final forms with honorific
		Formal non-polite (해라체)	Informal non-polite (해체)	Informal polite (해요체)	Formal polite (하십시오체)
Indicative	Non-past	되신다 doesinda	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니다 doesimnida
	Past	되셨다 doesyeotda	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니다 doesyeotseumnida
Interrogative	Non-past	되시느냐 doesineunya	되셔 doesyeo	되세요, 되셔요 doeseyo, doesyeoyo	되십니까 doesimnikka
	Past	되셨느냐 doesyeonneunya	되셨어 doesyeosseo	되셨어요 doesyeosseoyo	되셨습니까 doesyeotseumnikka
Imperative		되시라 doesira	되셔 doesyeo	되세요 doeseyo	되십시오 doesipsio
Assertive		되시겠다 doesigetda	되시겠어 doesigesseo	되시겠어요 doesigesseoyo	되시겠습니다 doesigetseumnida
Connective forms with honorific
Cause/Reason		되셔 doesyeo	되셔서 doesyeoseo	되시니 doesini	되시니까 doesinikka
Contrast		되시지만 doesijiman	되시는데 doesineunde	되시더니 doesideoni
Conjunction		되시고 doesigo
Condition		되시면 doesimyeon	되셔야 doesyeoya
Motive		되시려고 doesiryeogo
Noun and determiner forms with honorific
Verbal nouns		되심 doesim	되시기 doesigi
Past-tense verbal nouns		되셨음 doesyeosseum	되셨기 doesyeotgi
Determiners	Past	되신 doesin
	Present	되시는 doesineun
	Future	되실 doesil