堅

See also: 坚

堅	U+5805, 堅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5805

← 堄
[U+5804]

CJK Unified Ideographs

堆 →
[U+5806]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

堅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 7710₄, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters[edit]

慳(悭) 摼(𰓱) 樫(㭴) 熞(𰞤) 鏗(铿) 鰹(鲣) 䃘(𬒎) 䌑䵛𠗻𠼤(𫪄) 𡐖𡠩𣻹𤠿𥉸(𰥣) 𥧬𦸃𧜶(𮖃) 𧤵𧽡𪅤𪼑𫍊𮌲(𭨶) 𮩌

References[edit]

KangXi: page 232, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 451, character 4
Unihan data for U+5805

Chinese[edit]

trad.		堅
simp.		坚

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
臤	kʰaːn, kʰriːn, ɡiːn, kʰins
掔	kʰriːn, kʰiːn
慳	*kʰriːn
藖	ɡriːn, ɡriːns
堅	*kiːn
鋻	kiːn, kiːns
鰹	*kiːn
蜸	*kʰiːnʔ
菣	kʰiːns, kʰins
賢	*ɡiːn
礥	ɡiːn, ɢrin
臔	*ɡiːnʔ
挋	*kiŋs
臣	*ɡiŋ
茞	*ɡiŋ
腎	*ɡjinʔ
頣	*hŋiŋʔ
緊	*kinʔ
嚚	*ŋɡriŋ
鏗	*kʰreːŋ
摼	*kʰreːŋ
硻	*kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kiːn): phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gin¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): kiên / kiân

(Meixian, Guangdong): gian¹
Min Bei (KCR): gíng
Min Dong (BUC): giĕng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kian

(Teochew, Peng'im): giêng¹ / giang¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: jiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jian
  - Wade–Giles: chien¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɛn⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: gin¹
  - Yale: gīn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gin¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gin¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiːn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiên
  - Hakka Romanization System: gien´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯en²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiân
  - Hakka Romanization System: gian´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯an²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: gian¹
  - Sinological IPA: /cian⁴⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: giĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɛn³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɛn⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: giêng¹ / giang¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kieng / kiang
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ³³/, /kiaŋ³³/

Note: giang1 - Shantou.

Middle Chinese: /ken/

Rime
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	古賢切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ken/
Pan Wuyun	/ken/
Shao Rongfen	/kɛn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɛn/
Li Rong	/ken/
Wang Li	/kien/
Bernard Karlgren	/kien/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gin¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤi[ŋ]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kiːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ ken ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁi[ŋ]/
English	spoillliadr, strong
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堅
Reading #	1/1
No.	1330
Phonetic component	臣
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	堅
Old Chinese	/*kiːn/

Definitions[edit]

堅

hard
strong; firm
resolute
72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍)

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 堅

一念堅貞／一念坚贞
不堅／不坚
中堅／中坚 (zhōngjiān)
乘堅策肥／乘坚策肥
乘堅驅良／乘坚驱良
內秉堅孤／内秉坚孤
四個堅持／四个坚持
堅不可摧／坚不可摧 (jiānbùkěcuī)
堅信／坚信 (jiānxìn)
堅信禮／坚信礼 (jiānxìnlǐ)
堅勁／坚劲
堅固／坚固 (jiāngù)
堅城深池／坚城深池
堅執／坚执 (jiānzhí)
堅壁／坚壁 (jiānbì)
堅壁清野／坚壁清野 (jiānbìqīngyě)
堅如磐石／坚如磐石 (jiānrúpánshí)
堅如鐵石／坚如铁石
堅守／坚守 (jiānshǒu)
堅定／坚定 (jiāndìng)
堅定不移／坚定不移 (jiāndìngbùyí)
堅實／坚实 (jiānshí)
堅巧／坚巧
堅強／坚强 (jiānqiáng)
堅忍／坚忍 (jiānrěn)
堅忍不拔／坚忍不拔
堅拒／坚拒
堅持／坚持 (jiānchí)
堅持不懈／坚持不懈 (jiānchíbùxiè)

堅持到底／坚持到底
堅振／坚振 (jiānzhèn)
堅振禮／坚振礼 (jiānzhènlǐ)
堅挺／坚挺 (jiāntǐng)
堅木／坚木 (jiānmù)
堅果／坚果 (jiānguǒ)
堅毅／坚毅 (jiānyì)
堅毅不拔／坚毅不拔
堅毅不撓／坚毅不挠
堅江／坚江 (Jiānjiāng)
堅決／坚决 (jiānjué)
堅牡／坚牡
堅牢／坚牢 (jiānláo)
堅瓠／坚瓠
堅甲利兵／坚甲利兵 (jiānjiǎlìbīng)
堅白／坚白
堅白同異／坚白同异
堅白石論／坚白石论
堅硬／坚硬 (jiānyìng)
堅稱／坚称 (jiānchēng)
堅緻／坚致
堅臥／坚卧
堅臥煙霞／坚卧烟霞
堅臥白門／坚卧白门
堅苦／坚苦 (jiānkǔ)
堅苦卓絕／坚苦卓绝
堅請／坚请
堅貞／坚贞 (jiānzhēn)
堅貞不屈／坚贞不屈 (jiānzhēnbùqū)

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

堅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Go-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kan-on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kun: かたい (katai, 堅い, Jōyō)
Nanori: きん (kin)

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Proper noun[edit]

堅(けん) • (Ken)

A male given name

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

堅 • (gyeon) (hangeul 견, revised gyeon, McCune–Reischauer kyŏn)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

堅: Hán Nôm readings: kiên

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

堅

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

Navigation menu

堅

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

Navigation menu

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