強

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See also: 强 and 彊
強 U+5F37, 強
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F37
← 弶
[U+5F36] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 弸 →
[U+5F38]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese 強
Simplified 强
Traditional 強

Han character[edit]

強 (Kangxi radical 57, 弓+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓戈中戈 (NILI), four-corner 13236, composition ⿰弓𧈧 or ⿸弘虫)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 359, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9815
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 999, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+5F37

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 強
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
強-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (強) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
繈 *kaŋʔ
襁 *kaŋʔ
膙 *kaŋʔ
鏹 *kaŋʔ
勥 *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ
強 *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ

Zhengzhang (2003): Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): phonetic 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ): phonetic 弘 (OC *ɡʷɯːŋ) + semantic 虫 (“insect”).

The character 強 likely originally referred to the rice weevil, an insect that attacks rice and several other crops, before being phonetically borrowed to represent the sense of "strong; powerful", which was previously represented by the character 彊 (OC *kaŋs, *ɡaŋ, *ɡaŋʔ).

Etymology[edit]

(egg): Typo of 蛋; they have the same keystrokes in Simplified Cangjie.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

trad. 強/强
simp. 强
alternative forms 彊

Note:
  • kiûⁿ - vernacular;
  • kiông/kiâng - literary.
Note:
  • kiang5 - "strong", "forceful";
  • gion5/giên5 - "superior, better" (giên5 - Chaozhou).
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 強
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 巨良切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡɨɐŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡiɐŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡiɑŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/gɨaŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡiaŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡĭaŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gi̯aŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		qiáng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		koeng4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 強
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		qiáng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjang ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*N-kaŋ/
    English strong

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 強
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 10318
    Phonetic
    component         		强
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		強
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaŋ/
    Notes 彊省聲而非弘聲，
    通借爲彊

    Definitions[edit]

    強

    1. strong; powerful; energetic
    2. to strengthen
    3. staunch; strong-willed
    4. brutal; forceful
      強拖乘客下機／强拖乘客下机  ―  qiángtuō chéngkè xiàjī  ―  to forcefully drag a passenger off the plane
    5. capable; of a high level
    6. superior; better
    7. slightly more than; plus
      四分之一強／四分之一强  ―  sì fēnzhī yī qiáng  ―  a bit more than a fourth
    8. final contestants in a competition; finalist
    9. (Hong Kong Cantonese, Internet slang, sometimes deliberate) Misspelling of 蛋.

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (strong): (literary) 鴻／鸿 (hóng)

    Antonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 強

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    trad. 強/强
    simp. 强
    alternative forms 彊

    Rime
    Character 強
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 其兩切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡɨɐŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡiɐŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡiɑŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/gɨaŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡiaŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡĭaŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gi̯aŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		goeng6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 強
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		qiǎng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjangX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-kaŋʔ/
    English make an effort

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 強
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 10319
    Phonetic
    component         		强
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		勥
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaŋʔ/
    Notes 彊字注或體

    Definitions[edit]

    強

    1. to force; to compel; to coerce
      勉強／勉强  ―  miǎnqiǎng  ―  to force somebody to do something
    2. to strive

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 強

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    trad. 強/强
    simp. 强
    alternative forms 犟
    勥
    彊

    Rime
    Character 強
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 群 (30)
    Final (韻) 陽 (105)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 其兩切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɡɨɐŋX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɡiɐŋX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɡiɑŋX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/gɨaŋX/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɡiaŋX/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɡĭaŋX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/gi̯aŋX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiàng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		goeng6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 強
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		qiǎng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ gjangX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-kaŋʔ/
    English make an effort

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 強
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 10319
    Phonetic
    component         		强
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		勥
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaŋʔ/
    Notes 彊字注或體

    Definitions[edit]

    強

    1. † hard; stiff
    2. stubborn; obstinate
    3. a surname

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 強

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 強 – see 勥 (“to compel; valiant; etc.”).
    (This character, 強, is a variant form of 勥.)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    強

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. strong
      Antonym: 弱
    2. strength
    3. powerful
    4. potent

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    強
    きょう
    Grade: 2
    on’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Suffix[edit]

    強(きょう) • (-kyō) 

    1. (lengths of time) slightly more than
    Antonyms[edit]

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    強
    つよし
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    強(つよし) • (Tsuyoshi) 

    1. a male given name

    Korean[edit]

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 強 (MC ɡɨɐŋ, “strong”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ (Yale: kkàng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 힘〮셀〯 (Yale: hím sěyl) 가ᇰ (Yale: kàng)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    強 (eumhun 강할 강 (ganghal gang))

    1. Hanja form? of 강 (“strong; strength”).
      Antonym: 弱 (약 (yak))

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 強 (MC ɡɨɐŋX, “make an effort”).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 까ᇰ〮 (Yale: kkáng)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 힘ᄡᅳᆯ (Yale: him psul) 강 (Yale: kang)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [강(ː)]
      • Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    強 (eumhun 힘쓸 강 (himsseul gang))

    1. Hanja form? of 강 (“to force; to coerce”).
    2. Hanja form? of 강 (“stubborn; obstinate”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    強: Hán Việt readings: cường, cưỡng
    強: Nôm readings: càng, cượng, cướng, gắng, cường, gàn, ngượng, cưỡng, gương, gượng, gàng

    Compounds[edit]

    Adverb[edit]

    強 • (càng)

    1. Nôm form of càng (“With a comparative or verb phrase, establishes a parallel with one or more other such comparatives.; all the more, all the less”).
      • 18th–19th century, Hồ Xuân Hương (胡春香), Vịnh quạt (詠𦑗) [The Paper Fan]:
        強(càng)燶(nóng)包(bao)饒(nhiêu)辰(thời)強(càng)沫(mát)/要(yêu)店(đêm)諸(chưa)斐(phỉ)吏(lại)要(yêu)𣈜(ngày)
        The hotter you get, the more refreshing you get / It wasn’t enough to love at night, now we love during the day.

    References[edit]

    • Lê Sơn Thanh, "Nom-Viet.dat", WinVNKey (details)
    • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
    • Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
    • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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