-ʼĮĮD

See also: iid, i.i.d., and -ʼįįd

Navajo

Etymology 1

The future and optative modes use expletive stems from the root -YAA.

Verb bases with thematized d-classifier are often re-analyzed as ∅-classifier stems (*d-ʼįįh = *∅-tʼįįh), as evidenced by the perfective forms using ∅/ł-class subject prefixes rather than the d/l-class ones.

Root

-ʼĮĮD

This root shows a wide range of semantic themes as it relates to such broad categories as "making" and "acting". The actual meaning often relies on thematic prefix compounds.

1. act
   1. (ʼá-) to do it; to do thus; (mediopassive) to make one's own; (causative-reflexive) to turn into, to become.
   2. (-d-) to be the cause of an event; to be getting along, to be doing (good or bad).
   3. (ni- + -ł-) to take possession of, to make something one's own.
   4. (ʼá-/kó- + ha- + -d-) to happen, to take place.
   5. Misc. thematic
      1. (tí-) to injure; to deprive oneself, to self-sacrifice.
      2. (choini-) to be useful; to use.
      3. (kééha-) to live.
      4. (yiní-) to discuss, to bother, to harass.
      5. (bi-) to imitate.
      6. (ʼáhodi-) to pretend, to fake, to play like.
      7. to pay attention.
      8. (ʼááhoo-) to quit, to surrender.
2. wealthy (root -TʼĮĮD?)
   1. (-d- thematized) to be wealthy.
3. dislike
   1. (-∅-) to dislike, to oppose, to be picky.
   2. (-d-) to be denied to (as a right to someone); to be lost (as eyesight or a relative to someone).

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįd	-nííł	-ʼįįh	-neʼ
DUR	-ʼį́	-ʼįįd	-nííł	-ʼįįh	-neʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (make)

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (wealthy)

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (dislike)

Etymology 2

Probably related to -ʼĮ́Į́ʼ, “to see, to look”.

Root

-ʼĮĮD

1. bark

Stem set

Aspect	IMP	PERF	FUT	ITER	OPT
MOM	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįd	-ʼįįł	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįh
DUR	-ʼin	-ʼįįd	-ʼįįł	-ʼįįh	-ʼįįʼ

See also Appendix: Roots and stems derivation.

Derived terms

Navajo terms belonging to the root -ʼĮĮD (bark)