-i
English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]A conflation of the following suffixes:
- For Semitic-speaking places, from the Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy) or from Hebrew ־י (-i), both sharing a common Semitic root.
- For Indo-Iranian-speaking places, from Persian ـی (-ī) and Hindi -ई (-ī).
In English, productive from the 19th century.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Used to form adjectives and nouns describing people of a particular city, region, or country, and the language spoken by these people.
Translations
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- OED, s.v. "-i, suffix2".
Etymology 2
[edit]From Latin -ī (nominative plural).
Pronunciation
[edit]- enPR: ī, IPA(key): /aɪ/ (traditional English)
- enPR: ē, IPA(key): /iː/ (rare; imitation of the original Latin or of Italian)
Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms an alternative plural ending for various words borrowed from Latin that end in ⟨us⟩ in the singular.
Usage notes
[edit]- Prescriptively speaking, the ending is only applicable to words that were second-declension masculine nouns in Latin, such as the above examples. Descriptively speaking, the ending is often extended to other words like octopus (a third-declension noun in Latin with plural octopodes, not *octopi) and ignoramus (a verb in Latin, not a noun).
- The ending traditionally “softens” preceding /k ɡ/ to /s d͡ʒ/, but non-softened pronunciations are also found today. Cf. loci /ˈləʊsaɪ/~/ˈləʊkaɪ/ and fungi /ˈfʌnd͡ʒaɪ/~/ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/.
References
[edit]- OED, s.v. "-i, suffix1".
Etymology 3
[edit]From Italian -i (masculine plural), from Latin -ī (see etymology 2).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms an alternative plural ending for words borrowed from Italian that end in ⟨o⟩ or ⟨e⟩ in the singular.
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Used to form diminutives of given names.
Afar
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i or -í
- Used to create nouns from class I verbs, denoting either the agent or the instrument of the action.
Usage notes
[edit]- Used together with the prefix t- to create feminine nouns. The stress will shift to the last syllable.
- Used together with the prefix y- to create masculine nouns. The stress will not be on the last syllable.
References
[edit]- Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis), page 118
Albanian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Indo-European *-osyo, from Proto-Indo-European *-os. Cognate with Messapic -aihi.[1][2][3] Related to i (“of, the, to”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Article
[edit]-i m
Related terms
[edit]- (suffixed article, suffix): -a, -e, -ë, -o, -u, -ia, -ja, -je, -jë, -at, -et, -ët, -it, -ot, -ut, -të, -ri, -ishte, -ishtja
- (article, preposition): e, i, së, të
Suffix
[edit]-i
- stressed, it forms nouns from nomina agentis and adjectives, shkues/shkuesi, i lirë/liri
References
[edit]Chuukese
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- added to intransitive verbs to make them transitive
- (added to transitive verbs) him, her, it (third person singular indirect object)
Usage notes
[edit]- In Chuukese, transitive verbs in their base form already have the third person singular indirect object implied on them, although the suffix -i can be added for emphasis.
Esperanto
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Perhaps from Latin deponent verbs such as loquī (“to speak”). Perhaps from French and Spanish verbs ending in -ir.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- verbal inflection marking the infinitive
Conjugation
[edit]![]() |
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singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
tense | -as | -is | -os | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
active participle | -anta | -antaj | -inta | -intaj | -onta | -ontaj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
acc. | -antan | -antajn | -intan | -intajn | -ontan | -ontajn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
passive participle | -ata | -ataj | -ita | -itaj | -ota | -otaj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
acc. | -atan | -atajn | -itan | -itajn | -otan | -otajn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
nominal active participle | -anto | -antoj | -into | -intoj | -onto | -ontoj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
acc. | -anton | -antojn | -inton | -intojn | -onton | -ontojn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
nominal passive participle | -ato | -atoj | -ito | -itoj | -oto | -otoj | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
acc. | -aton | -atojn | -iton | -itojn | -oton | -otojn | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
adverbial active participle | -ante | -inte | -onte | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
adverbial passive participle | -ate | -ite | -ote | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
infinitive | -i | imperative | -u | conditional | -us |
Etymology 2
[edit]Common to English e (pronounced [i]) in me, she, he, we and the Italian accusative pronouns mi, ti, vi, li, si.
Suffix
[edit]-i
Estonian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-in.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms nouns from verbs, indicating instruments (tools) are used to perform that verb's action.
Inflection
[edit]Declension of -i (ÕS type 1e/veski, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -i | -id | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -i | ||
genitive | -ite | ||
partitive | -it | -eid | |
illative | -isse | -itesse -eisse | |
inessive | -is | -ites -eis | |
elative | -ist | -itest -eist | |
allative | -ile | -itele -eile | |
adessive | -il | -itel -eil | |
ablative | -ilt | -itelt -eilt | |
translative | -iks | -iteks -eiks | |
terminative | -ini | -iteni | |
essive | -ina | -itena | |
abessive | -ita | -iteta | |
comitative | -iga | -itega |
Or less commonly:
Declension of -i (ÕS type 5/liige, length gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -i | -med | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -me | ||
genitive | -mete | ||
partitive | -it | -meid | |
illative | -messe | -metesse -meisse | |
inessive | -mes | -metes -meis | |
elative | -mest | -metest -meist | |
allative | -mele | -metele -meile | |
adessive | -mel | -metel -meil | |
ablative | -melt | -metelt -meilt | |
translative | -meks | -meteks -meiks | |
terminative | -meni | -meteni | |
essive | -mena | -metena | |
abessive | -meta | -meteta | |
comitative | -mega | -metega |
Derived terms
[edit]Finnish
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-i, from Proto-Uralic *-j (specifically its fusion with the stem vowel). Originally allomorphic with -o (< *-oi, in which the *-i- caused labialization of the preceding *a).
Suffix
[edit]-i
- A non-productive nominal suffix deriving nouns from nominal stems.
- Forms nouns from some verbs.
- (seldom productive) Used to mark the first part of a compound word.
Declension
[edit]Usually:
Inflection of -i (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -i | -it | |
genitive | -in | -ien | |
partitive | -ia | -eja | |
illative | -iin | -eihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -i | -it | |
accusative | nom. | -i | -it |
gen. | -in | ||
genitive | -in | -ien | |
partitive | -ia | -eja | |
inessive | -issa | -eissa | |
elative | -ista | -eista | |
illative | -iin | -eihin | |
adessive | -illa | -eilla | |
ablative | -ilta | -eilta | |
allative | -ille | -eille | |
essive | -ina | -eina | |
translative | -iksi | -eiksi | |
abessive | -itta | -eitta | |
instructive | — | -ein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -i (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Inflection of -i (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -i | -it | |
genitive | -in | -ien | |
partitive | -iä | -ejä | |
illative | -iin | -eihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -i | -it | |
accusative | nom. | -i | -it |
gen. | -in | ||
genitive | -in | -ien | |
partitive | -iä | -ejä | |
inessive | -issä | -eissä | |
elative | -istä | -eistä | |
illative | -iin | -eihin | |
adessive | -illä | -eillä | |
ablative | -iltä | -eiltä | |
allative | -ille | -eille | |
essive | -inä | -einä | |
translative | -iksi | -eiksi | |
abessive | -ittä | -eittä | |
instructive | — | -ein | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -i (Kotus type 5/risti, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Conflated:
- from Proto-Finnic *-i (from Proto-Uralic *-j (lative suffix))
- from *-ik (from earlier *-jek, probably a combination of the aforementioned and Proto-Uralic *-k (lative suffix)).
Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms lative adverbs.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-West Germanic *-ij-, *-j- (diminutive suffix). Compare Dutch -je (diminutive suffix), English -y (diminutive suffix).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i (informal)
- Forms pet names from given names, kinship terms, and terms of address.
- (endearing, sometimes derogatory) Forms nouns from adjectives and verbs denoting someone characterized by that word.
- Forms clippings.
- Pullover + -i → Pulli
- Schokolade + -i → Schoki
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Gothic
[edit]Romanization
[edit]-i
- Romanization of -𐌹
Greenlandic
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i (v-v?, truncative?)
- Intransitivizes.
Usage notes
[edit]Sometimes additive after r stems.
Many verbs are intransitivized simply by changing the inflectional ending, without changing the stem; of those that do use an affix, it is not predictable which of -i, -nnig, -ller and -si are used. Also, verbs may use more than one of these, with similarly unpredictable results (e.g. errorsivoq (“wash clothes”) vs. erruivoq (“do dishes”), both from errorpaa). If a verb uses one of these affixes, the unaffixed intransitive form may be passive, reciprocal or reflexive w.r.t. the transitive form.
Synonyms
[edit]References
[edit]- Bjørnum, S.: Grønlandsk grammatik, pp. 67-68. Atuagkat 2003.
- Vestgrønlands Grammatik, p. 106-107, F.A.J. Nielsen, 2014
Hungarian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Adjective-forming suffix.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- (adjective-forming suffix) Added to proper nouns, certain common nouns and postpositions to form adjectives:
- names of places (toponyms)
- names of people (anthroponyms, thus eponyms)
- certain common nouns
- postpositions (as part of the phrase in which they occur)
Usage notes
[edit]- Final -o and -ö (which only occur in non-Hungarian words) change to -ó and -ő.[1]
- Oslo → oslói (“Oslovian”)
- Malmö → malmői (“Malmö-based”)
- Victor Hugo → Victor Hugó-i (“Hugolian, Hugonian, Hugoesque”)
- If the suffix -i were to follow word-final -i, only one is retained (so one needs to know the original form).[2][3]
- The other word-final short vowels (a, e, u, ü) remain unchanged (just like long ones and consonants).
- Names with a fleeting vowel: Eger → egri, as well as names ending in -halom, e.g. Szigethalom → szigethalmi.
- Names ending in -falu (e.g. Leányfalu) may be suffixed in three ways: The official way is retaining the full form, e.g. leányfalui; in the vernacular, leányfalusi may be heard; and forms like leányfalvi are increasingly rare.[4]
- Names ending in a possessive suffix such as -falva, -halma, -háza, -földe (outside elements of proper names: földje), -telke: Official usage increasingly prefers retaining the whole name (e.g. nyíregyházai from Nyíregyháza), though in common parlance the word-final a and e tend to be dropped (e.g. nyíregyházi). The drawback of the latter is that the original form cannot be established (as nyíregyházi could theoretically derive from a non-existent *Nyíregyház).[4]
- For non–proper noun elements with a possessive suffix, native speakers often have a hard time trying to add this suffix, e.g. whether the last element of (Erzsébet királyné) útja and (Örs vezér) tere should become úti and téri (losing the mark of the possessive) or útjai and terei (having an ambiguous sense, primarily used for multiple possessions). As a rule of thumb, the former solution may be preferable.[4]
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification, and phrasal affixation in Hungarian by István Kenesei (see the Conclusion on page 19)
Etymology 2
[edit]Possessive plural.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- possessive suffix for multiple possessions
- (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
- kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“his/her/its gates”), az ő kapui (“his/her gates”)
- érme (“coin”) → az érméi (“his/her/its coins”), az ő érméi (“his/her coins”)
- (with no noun for possessor, formal) your ……-s (second-person singular, grammatically resembling the third person sg.)
- kapu (“gate”) → a kapui (“your [formal] gates”), az ön kapui, a maga kapui (“your [formal] gates”)
- construed with a noun or certain pronouns as the possessor: ……’s ……-s, ……-s of …… (third-person sg. or pl., depending on the noun or pronoun)
- az ember(nek a) kapui ― the person’s gates
- a gyerek(nek az) érméi ― the child’s coins
- az emberek(nek a) kapui ― the people’s gates
- a gyerekek(nek az) érméi ― the children’s coins
- az önök kapui, a maguk kapui ― your (plural, formal) gates
- azok(nak a) kapui ― the gates of those
- ki(k)nek az érméi? ― whose coins?
- (with no noun for possessor) his, her, its ……-s (third-person singular; the pronoun ő (“s/he”) being optional for emphasis)
Usage notes
[edit]- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -i is added to words ending in a vowel except -i. Final -a changes to -á-; final -e changes to -é-. The latter feature distinguishes it from the -i (adjective-forming suffix), which does not lengthen the preceding -a/-e.
- -ai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -jai is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
- -jei is added to some front-vowel words ending in a consonant or the vowel -i
- If the possessed noun is in the plural and the possessor is expressed in English with a possessive pronoun only (rather than a noun), e.g. “their toys” (as opposed to “the children’s toys”), the -ik/-aik/-eik/-jaik/-jeik suffixes are required in Hungarian.
Etymology 3
[edit]Personal suffix.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- (personal suffix) Forms the definite third-person singular present tense of verbs (indicative mood).
Usage notes
[edit]- (personal suffix) See harmonic variants in the table below.
Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
Etymology 4
[edit]Diminutive suffix.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- (diminutive suffix) Added to nouns or their clipped form; mostly used by the younger generation or in informal conversations.
Etymology 5
[edit]See -e.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -e (third-person singular single-possession possessive suffix)
- se szeri, se száma ― (instead of szere)[5]
- (dialectal, except for some set forms) Alternative form of -é (combining form of the above)
- íziben a mindenit töviről hegyire jószerivel frissiben dögivel bőviben sebtiben felibe/fölibe köribe közibe ― (instead of standard ízében, a mindenét, tövéről hegyére, jószerével, frissében (uncommon), dögével (uncommon), bővében, sebtében, felébe/fölébe, körébe/köréje, közébe/közéje/közé)[5]
See also
[edit]- Category:Hungarian noun forms
- Category:Hungarian verb forms
- Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes
- Appendix:Hungarian suffixes
References
[edit]- ^ Section 216 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ^ Section 173 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ^ Section 215 in A magyar helyesírás szabályai, 12. kiadás (’The Rules of Hungarian Orthography, 12th edition’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2015. →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (“Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation”). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 birtokos személyjelek alaki változatai [“form variants of possessive suffixes”] in Grétsy, László and Gábor Kemény, editors. Nyelvművelő kéziszótár (“Concise Dictionary for Language Cultivation”). Second, revised and extended edition. Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2005. →ISBN
Icelandic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Norse -i, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).
Suffix
[edit]-i f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -i, no plural)
- a nominal suffix, forming abstract nouns
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Ido
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Borrowed from Italian -i, Russian -и (-i). Also from English -i, used with Latin and Italian borrowings.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
Indonesian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Malay -i, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix)
Suffix
[edit]-i (non-active/imperative/basic -i, active meng- -i, passive di- -i)
- verbal suffix for manipulating, completing, or placing the object from a noun.
- transitive verbal suffix for causation in surface of the object from an adjective.
- transitive verbal suffix for doing activity to the object from a transitive verb.
- transitive locative imperative verbal suffix from a noun:
- to apply or give [base] to the object.
- Hormati orang tua! ― honour/respect parent!
- to remove [base] from the object.
- kuliti ― (de)skin, peel
- to apply or give [base] to the object.
- transitive adverbial imperative verbal suffix from a noun: to act as/be [base] with reference to object
- Sutradarai film ini! ― Direct this movie! (literally, “Become the producer of this film!”)
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, beli (“to buy”) does not derive into *belii, although -in allows violation of the previous rule such as beliin (“buy it!”). Other examples include cari (← *carii) and capai (← *capaii).
- When this suffix is combined with the prefixes meng-, di-, ter-, and ke-, the imperative aspect is lost.
Etymology 2
[edit]From Malay -i, from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).
Suffix
[edit]-i
- adjective suffix (with the meaning “related to ...”)
Alternative forms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “-i” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
- Anton Moedardo Moeliono, Hans Lapoliwa, Hasan Alwi, Sry Satrya Tjatur Wisnu Sasangka, Sugiyono (1988) Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia [Standard Indonesian Grammar] (in Indonesian), 4th edition, published 2017, →ISBN
Italian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i (non-lemma form of verb-forming suffix)
- used with a stem to form the second-person singular present of regular -are, -ere verbs and those -ire verbs that do not take "isc"
- used with a stem to form the second-person imperative of -ere verbs
- used with a stem to form the first-, second- and third-person singular present subjunctive of -are verbs
- used with a stem to form the third-person singular imperative of -are verbs
Etymology 2
[edit]From Latin -ī, nominative plural, or from Latin -ōs, accusative plural, of masculine nouns in -us.
Suffix
[edit]-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)
- used to form the plural of nouns ending in -o
Etymology 3
[edit]There are two competing theories:
- Formed analogically by borrowing the -i plural of Italian nouns in -o.
- Formed phonologically from the expected Latin nominative/accusative plural -ēs according to the sound change -es > -ei > -i.
Suffix
[edit]-i (non-lemma form of noun-forming suffix)
- used to form the plural of nouns ending in -e
Etymology 4
[edit]Perhaps from the Latin genitive singular ending -ī of masculine nouns in -us.
Suffix
[edit]-i m or f by sense (noun-forming suffix, invariable)
- forms surnames from proper names, occupations, etc.
- Giacomo (“James, Jacob”) + -i → Giacomi (surname)
- Giacometto (“Jim, Jake”) + -i → Giacometti (surname)
- ferraro (“smith”) + -i → Ferrari (surname)
Japanese
[edit]Romanization
[edit]-i
Kongo
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Bantu *-ì.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- used for creation of agent nouns
Latin
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Classical Latin) IPA(key): /iː/, [iː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /i/, [iː]
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Italic *-ai, from unknown origin.
Suffix
[edit]-ī
- Used for the first person present perfect singular form of any regular verb.
Etymology 2
[edit]Unknown. Compare Proto-Celtic *-ī (genitive singular ending). Displaced Proto-Italic -osjo (See Proto-Italic *-os.), which was descended from Proto-Indo-European -osyo. (See Proto-Indo-European *-os.)
Suffix
[edit]-ī
- genitive/locative singular of -us for second-declension nouns.
- genitive masculine/neuter singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
- (uncommon) genitive feminine singular of -us for for first/second-declension adjectives.
Etymology 3
[edit]From the pronominal declension.[1] Displaced -es except in the third declension.
Suffix
[edit]-ī
- nominative/vocative plural of -us for most second-declension nouns.
- nominative/vocative masculine plural of -us for first/second-declension adjectives.
Etymology 4
[edit]Noun
[edit]-ī
Etymology 5
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix
[edit]-ī
References
[edit]- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 261
Lepontic
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Romanization of -𐌉
Livvi
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Finnic *-ja. Cognates include Finnish -ja and Estonian -ja.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Used to form agent nouns from verbs; -er
Declension
[edit]back vowel harmonic | front vowel harmonic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
Derived terms
[edit]Lower Sorbian
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -y (after “hard” consonants)
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Slavic *-jь.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- suffix creating an adjective from a noun, denoting ‘of or pertaining to’
Derived terms
[edit]Makasar
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i, from Proto-Austronesian *-i.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- suffix forming transitive verbs
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ia.
Pronoun
[edit]-i (absolutive enclitic)
See also
[edit]Malay
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-i (local transitive suffix).
Suffix
[edit]-i (Jawi spelling ـي, active meng- -i, 3rd person passive di- -i)
- Gives a causitive meaning or a meaning of causing something to form imperative transitive verbs.
- Gives a locative meaning, that is, of stating a locational element to imperative verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix is never used after verbs ending in final -i for euphonic reasons and to avoid near-homophony with bare forms (-∅). Thus, beli (“to buy”) does not derive into *belii.
Synonyms
[edit]- (first sense, generally before an inanimate object, but not always) -kan
Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Arabic nisba suffix ـِيّ (-iyy).
Suffix
[edit]-i (Jawi spelling ـي)
- Forms an adjective that is related to the base word.
Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Borrowed from English -ee, from Middle English -ee, -ē, from Anglo-Norman and Old French -ee, French -é, -ée, endings forming past participle of verbs ending in -er.
Suffix
[edit]-i (Jawi spelling ـي)
- (unproductive) -ee.
- francaisi ― franchisee
Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Hashim Haji Musa, Nik Safiah Karim, Farid M. Onn, & Abdul Hamid Mahmood. (2008). Tatabahasa dewan (Edisi Ketiga.). Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Maltese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i m (feminine -ija, plural -in)
- a derivational suffix, chiefly creating adjectives from nouns
Usage notes
[edit]- Note that Romance adjectives in -i are treated differently and do not inflect.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Borrowed from Sicilian -i. Though -i is not used as a plural ending in Arabic, it was integrated fairly easily as a large number of broken plurals happen to end in this vowel, compare tieqa → twieqi, etc.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- a common plural suffix
- used in nouns and adjectives in -u
- used in some nouns in -a, chiefly ones of Romance origin
- used in some nouns and adjectives in a consonant, chiefly ones of Romance origin
Usage notes
[edit]- Adjectives in -iku change to -iċi: demokratiku (“democratic”) → demokratiċi.
See also
[edit]Middle English
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Alternative form of -y.
Etymology 2
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Alternative form of -yf
Mokilese
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Used to form transitive verbs from intransitive verbs or nouns
Derived terms
[edit]Namuyi
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Used to give the prospective aspect to verbs
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Štěpán Pavlík (2017) The Description of Namuzi Language[2], Prague: Charles University (PhD Thesis), page 49
Norman
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- (Jersey) A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Derived terms
[edit]Northern Sami
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-jē. Cognate with Finnish -ja.
Suffix
[edit]-i (with odd-syllable stems -eaddji)
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When attached to verbs in -ut, the suffix becomes -u.
Inflection
[edit]Even i-stem, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -i | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -i -ẹ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -i | -it | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -i | -iid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -i -ẹ |
-iid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -ái | -iide | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -is | -iin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -iin | -iiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -in | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-jëj.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix triggers the strongest grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel. Thus, the resulting word is essentially identical to the illative singular form. The noun declines as a contracted stem, with the inflectional stem lacking the -i.
Inflection
[edit]Odd, no gradation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -i | |||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -ja | |||||||||||||||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nominative | -i | -jat | ||||||||||||||||||||
Accusative | -ja | -jiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Genitive | -ja | -jiid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Illative | -jii | -jiidda | ||||||||||||||||||||
Locative | -jis | -jiin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Comitative | -jiin | -jiiguin | ||||||||||||||||||||
Essive | -jin | |||||||||||||||||||||
|
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix
[edit]-i
- The ending of the illative singular case.
Usage notes
[edit]- This suffix triggers the strong grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
When possessive suffixes are attached, the suffix changes to the form -s- (for even-syllable stems) or -sa- (for odd-syllable stems).
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form past participle of strong verbs.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form singular definite form for strong feminine nouns.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form plural definite form for neuter nouns.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form feminine singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
- (non-standard since 2012) Used to form neuter singular indefinite form for many adjectives.
Ojibwe
[edit]Final
[edit]-i
- be such a number, such an amount
Derived terms
[edit]Final
[edit]-i
- occurs after initials to form animate intransitive verbs (vai)
Derived terms
[edit]Final
[edit]-i
- occurs in inanimate intransitive verbs (vii)
Derived terms
[edit]Final
[edit]-i
- occurs in some uninflected words, including preverbs
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644943
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644942
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-644856
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/word-part/i-final-654844
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/i-final-3a8bda4a-247f-4fae-96ad-c8054d2a5525
Old High German
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-West Germanic *-ī, from Proto-Germanic *-į̄.
Suffix
[edit]-ī
- productive suffix used to form abstract nouns from adjectives
Declension
[edit]case | singular | plural |
---|---|---|
nominative | -ī | — |
accusative | -ī | — |
genitive | -ī | — |
dative | -ī | — |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-īniz. Cognate to Gothic -𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 (-eins).
Suffix
[edit]-ī
- non-productive suffix used to form action nouns from weak verbs
Usage notes
[edit]In Old High German, this suffix is neither frequent nor productive. Many weak verbs have action nouns with -unga instead.
Declension
[edit]Female n-declension
Old Irish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i (suffixed pronoun)
Usage notes
[edit]This suffix is used only after third-person singular forms. After 1st person singular forms in -(e)a, 1st person plural forms in -mi, and 3rd person plural forms in -(a)it, the suffix -it is sometimes used.
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]See Appendix:Old Irish affixed pronouns for details on how these forms are used.
Note that the so-called “infixed” pronouns are technically prefixes, but they are never the first prefix in a verbal complex.
Person | Infixed | Suffixed | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Class A | Class B | Class C | ||
1 sing. | m-L | dom-L, dam-L | -um | |
2 sing. | t-L | dot-L, dat-L, dut-L, dit-L | -ut | |
3 sing. m. | a-N, e-N | d-N | id-N, did-N, d-N | -i, -it |
3 sing. f. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
3 sing. n. | a-L, e-L | d-L | id-L, did-L, d-L | -i, -it |
1 pl. | n- | don-, dun-, dan- | -unn | |
2 pl. | b- | dob-, dub-, dab- | -uib | |
3 pl. | s-(N) | da- | -us | |
L means this form triggers lenition. N means this form triggers nasalization (eclipsis) (N) means this form triggers nasalization in some texts but not in others. |
Old Norse
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-į̄, cognate with Gothic -𐌴𐌹 (-ei).
Suffix
[edit]-i f
- -th; forms abstract nouns from adjectives which represent 'the state, quality or measure of' the adjective
Declension
[edit]feminine | singular | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | |
nominative | -i | -in |
accusative | -i | -ina |
dative | -i | -inni |
genitive | -i | -innar |
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *-ô, cognate with Gothic -𐌰 (-a).
Suffix
[edit]-i m
Declension
[edit]masculine | singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | -i | -inn | -ar | -arnir |
accusative | -a | -ann | -a | -ana |
dative | -a | -anum | -um | -unum |
genitive | -a | -ans | -a | -anna |
Derived terms
[edit]Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- forms adjectives from nouns, usually possessive
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Polish: -i
Phalura
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Feminine agreement suffix
References
[edit]- Henrik Liljegren, Naseem Haider (2011) “-i”, in Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7)[3], Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish -i, from Proto-Slavic *-ьjь.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /i/
Audio: (file) - Rhymes: -i
- Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]
- Homophones: i, -i-
Suffix
[edit]-i m
- forms masculine adjectives meaning "belonging to", especially for animals
- forms masculine adjectives derived from prepositional phrases
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- -i in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- a suffix indicating the inflection of -ir:
Related terms
[edit]- -ei (affirmative imperative for 2nd-conjugation verbs)
- -ai (affirmative imperative for 1st-conjugation verbs and negative imperative for 3rd-conjugation verbs)
Romani
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms the nominative singular of vocalic oikoclitic feminine nouns
- Forms the nominative feminine singular of vocalic oikoclitic adjectives
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the third-person singular feminine past tense of intransitive verbs
Romanian
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Inherited from Latin -ī (“second-declension plural ending”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- Used to form plurals
Usage notes
[edit]- This form of the plural is indefinite, and used for masculine nouns in the nominative/accusative and genitive/dative cases, regardless of singular form. The suffix may cause phonetic changes or vowel deletion (or both):
- lup + -i → lupi
- tată + -i → tați
- fiu + -i → fii
- frate + -i → frați
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Inherited from Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of ille.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i m
- (definite article) the (masculine plural, nominative and accusative)
Usage notes
[edit]This form of the definite article is used for masculine plural nouns in the nominative and accusative cases (as attached to the indefinite plural, which always ends in a vowel):
- lupi + -i → lupii
- tați + -i → tații
- fii + -i → fiii
- frați + -i → frații
- copii + -i → copiii
The suffix is also used with masculine and neuter singular plural adjectives in the nominative and accusative cases to make the articulated definite form, often for emphasis, and it is used before the noun it modifies.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Inherited from Latin -īre, the ending of the present active infinitive form of fourth conjugation verbs. Cognate with Spanish and French -ir, Italian -ire, etc.
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- A suffix forming infinitives of many verbs.
Usage notes
[edit]- Most verbs with infinitives in -i are marked by the once-inchoative infix -esc- in many parts of their conjugation, as well as in various derived words; two such verbs are vorbi (“to say”) and iubi (“to love”).
- A sizable group of verbs have infinitives in -i but do not use the infix -esc-, and are otherwise fairly regular; these include, among others, the common verb dormi (“sleep”), simți (“feel”), auzi (“hear”).
- There is a variant form, -î, derived from the same Latin source.
Conjugation
[edit]infinitive | a -i | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | -ind | ||||||
past participle | -it | ||||||
number | singular | plural | |||||
person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
indicative | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | - | -i | -e | -im | -iți | - | |
imperfect | -eam | -eai | -ea | -eam | -eați | -eau | |
simple perfect | -ii | -iși | -i | -irăm | -irăți | -iră | |
pluperfect | -isem | -iseși | -ise | -iserăm | -iserăți | -iseră | |
subjunctive | eu | tu | el/ea | noi | voi | ei/ele | |
present | să - | să -i | să -ă | să -im | să -iți | să -ă | |
imperative | — | tu | — | — | voi | — | |
affirmative | -e | -iți | |||||
negative | nu -i | nu -iți |
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]From e (“is”).
Suffix
[edit]-i
Derived terms
[edit]Skolt Sami
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-jē.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms agent nouns from verbs.
Inflection
[edit]This noun needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]From Proto-Samic *-jëj.
Suffix
[edit]-i
- Forms adjectives indicating an abundance of something.
Usage notes
[edit]Phonologically, the suffix is actually the consonant j, and so it forms a diphthong with the final vowel of the base word's stem rather than replacing that vowel.
Inflection
[edit]This adjective needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms
[edit]Swahili
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- (without TAM infix) general negative marker
- sijui ― I don't know
- 18th century, Abdallah bin Ali bin Nasir, Al-Inkishafi[4], translation from R. Allen (1946) “Inkishafi—a translation from the Swahili”, in African Studies, volume 5, number 4, , pages 243–249, stanza 11:
- مُيُ وَاغُ نِنِ هُزُدُكَانِ ، لِكُغُرِيِلُ هِيْلَ نِنْنِ ،
- Moyo wangu nini huzundukani, likughuriyelo hela ni-n'ni?
- Soul, why not awake? Hi! what is it that cheats you?
Usage notes
[edit]Borrowed verbs with indicative form not ending in -a do not take this suffix.
See also
[edit]- Initial
- Final
- Infix position positive subject concord
- Positive past: -li-
- Positive present: -na-
- Positive future: -ta-
- Negative subjunctive: -si-1
- Positive present conditional: -nge-
- Negative present conditional: -singe-
- Positive past conditional: -ngali-
- Negative past conditional: -singali-
- Gnomic: -a-1
- Perfect: -me-
- "Already" past: -lisha-
- "Already" present: -mesha-/-sha-
- "If/When": -ki-1
- "If not": -sipo-
- Consecutive: -ka-1
- Infix position negative subject concord
- Relative
1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs.
Etymology 2
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- (after a vowel) -zi
Suffix
[edit]-i
- (often with spirantization of the preceding consonant) suffix used in nominal forms of verbs, in conjunction with a noun class prefix
See also
[edit]Swedish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]-i
- -y; when added to one noun, creates a new one that indicates the use or activity of the first. See also -eri.
Derived terms
[edit]Tagalog
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- -e — colloquial