-p

See also: Appendix: Variations of "p"

Ainu

Etymology

Apocopic suffixing form of pe (“thing, article”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /p̚/

Suffix

-p (Kana spelling ㇷ゚)

1. thing, -er

   (Nominalizing suffix: forms nouns from adjectives, verbs, or numbers, indicating "person or thing that does [verb]", or "person or thing that has [quality]", depending on the word to which this is added.)

Usage notes

• The suffix -p is preferred when the stem ends in a vowel, as in nitnep (“a bad thing”), nup (“a heard thing”), or aesinap (“secret”). When the stem ends in a consonant, including -y- or -w-, -pe is preferred instead.

Derived terms

Ainu terms suffixed with -p

aesinap

cep

cikoykip

iwendep

iwentep

kaparamip

kaparimip

osukep

reyep

Greenlandic

Suffix

-p

1. Marks the ergative singular.

   ‎angut (“man”) + ‎-p → ‎angutip

   ‎ateq (“name”) + ‎-p → ‎aqqup

   ‎erneq (“son”) + ‎-p → ‎ernerup

   ‎igaffik (“son”) + ‎-p → ‎igaffiup

   ‎neqi (“meat”) + ‎-p → ‎neqip

   ‎nuna (“Earth, land”) + ‎-p → ‎nunap

   ‎piarak (“offspring”) + ‎-p → ‎piaqqap

   ‎qaqqaq (“mountain, rock”) + ‎-p → ‎qaqqap

Usage notes

• Appears as -ap, -ip, or -up after various consonants, geminates, or clusters.

Hungarian

Suffix

-p

1. (obsolete instantaneous suffix) It can be detected today only in a few obscured derivations such as harap (“to bite”), állapot (“state”), csillapodik (“to calm down”). [1517]
2. (obsolete noun-forming suffix) It can be analyzed from a few derivatives. Presumably it became obsolete already in the Proto-Hungarian period. Its voiced variant -b has also developed. Found today only in a few words, such as közép, hasáb, nyaláb. When the language innovators created the nouns alap (“base”) and szerep (“role”), they inferred the -p suffix from back-formations such as telep back-formed from telepedik, ülep back-formed from ülepedik which were originally formed with the instantaneous suffix -p. [1219]

References

• -p in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-pi. Cognates include Finnish -pi and Estonian -b.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-pi/, [-pi]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-p/, [-p]

Suffix

-p

1. Third-person present singular marker.

Usage notes

• Used only after monosyllabic verbs, those following the same inflection patterns as käyvvä and voija.

Latvian

Suffix

-p

1. alternative form of -up

Derived terms

Latvian terms suffixed with -p

turp

Quechua

Alternative forms

• -q (Cuzco-Collao)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-p/
• (Cuzco-Collao) IPA^(key): [-χ]

Suffix

-p

1. Genitive marker following vowels. See also: -pa.

   ñuqap sutiy ― my name

Usage notes

In Cuzco-Collao Quechua, the genetive case varies between -q (after vowels) and -pa (after consonants). Thus, one would say llamaq "of the llama" but atuqpa "of the fox". In Ayacucho-Chanca Quechua, the genetive is always -pa.