Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/g-sum: difference between revisions
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Some languages also show {{IPAchar|/a/}} vocalism (e.g. Chinese), which some dismiss (somewhat unconvincingly) as secondary development. It is very likely that ablaut of *u ~ *a existed in the proto-language, i.e. *g-sum ⪤ *g-sam, analogous to {{l|sit-pro|*b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ|gloss=fragrance}} (Matisoff, 1997). |
Some languages also show {{IPAchar|/a/}} vocalism (e.g. Chinese), which some dismiss (somewhat unconvincingly) as secondary development. It is very likely that ablaut of *u ~ *a existed in the proto-language, i.e. *g-sum ⪤ *g-sam, analogous to {{l|sit-pro|*b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ|gloss=fragrance}} (Matisoff, 1997). |
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Outside Proto-Sino-Tibetan, compare {{etyl|ccs-pro|-}} {{m|ccs-pro|*sam-||three}} ({{etyl|ka|-}} {{m|ka|სამი}}). |
<!-- Outside Proto-Sino-Tibetan, compare {{etyl|ccs-pro|-}} {{m|ccs-pro|*sam-||three}} ({{etyl|ka|-}} {{m|ka|სამი}}). --> |
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===Numeral=== |
===Numeral=== |
Revision as of 19:09, 16 June 2016
Template:reconstructed/sit-pro
Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Etymology
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *g-sum (Coblin, 1986)
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *g-sum (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; LaPolla, 1987)
This is perhaps the most stable numeral in Proto-Sino-Tibetan, with virtually no daughter language failing to show some reflex of this root. This stability can be attributed to various factors: the stability of the consonants "s" and "m", and the saliency of the numeral THREE itself. The velar prefix g/k- is the only prefix reconstructable for this root (another manifestation of well-preservedness); this is of course disregarding other prefixes in modern languages which resulted from an innovative prefix run in all of the lower numerals, for example Jingpho (m- in 3-5).
Some languages also show /a/ vocalism (e.g. Chinese), which some dismiss (somewhat unconvincingly) as secondary development. It is very likely that ablaut of *u ~ *a existed in the proto-language, i.e. *g-sum ⪤ *g-sam, analogous to *b-suŋ ~ b-saŋ (“fragrance”) (Matisoff, 1997).
Numeral
Proto-Sino-Tibetan numerals | |
---|---|
ONE | *ʔit *kat *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik |
TWO | *g/s-ni-s |
THREE | *g-sum |
FOUR | *b-ləj |
FIVE | *l/b-ŋa |
SIX | *d-k-ruk |
SEVEN | *s-ni-s |
EIGHT | *b-r-gjat ~ b-g-rjat |
NINE | *d/s-kəw |
TEN | *gip *ts(j)i(j) ~ tsjaj |
TWENTY | *m-kul |
HUNDRED | *b-r-gja |
THOUSAND | *s-tawŋ |
Descendants
- Old Chinese: 三 /*srum/ ("three"), /*s.rəm-s/ ("thrice")
5=samPlease see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
**:
→ Japanese: 三 (さん, san)
Korean: 삼 (三, sam)
Vietnamese: tam (三)
→ (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Tai: *saːm (“three”) (whence (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Thai สาม (sǎam), (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Lao ສາມ (sām))
- Min
- Min Nan
- Taiwan: 三 /sã⁵⁵/ (colloquial), /sam⁵⁵/ (literary)
- Min Nan
- Kamarupan
- "North Assam"
- Tani
- /*ɦum/ ("three") (Sun, 1993)
- Tani
- Kuki-Chin
- /*thum/ ("three") (VanBik, 2009)
- Central Chin
- Lushai [Mizo]: thum (“three”)
- "Naga"
- Northern Naga
- /*C̬-sum/ invalid IPA characters (C) ("three") (French, 1983)
- Tangkhulic
- /*tʰum/ ("three") (Mortensen, 2012)
- Northern Naga
- "North Assam"
- Himalayish
- Tibeto-Kanauri
- Newar
- Mahakiranti
- Kiranti
- Eastern Kiranti = Rai
- Limbu: ᤛᤢᤶᤛᤡ (sum si, “three”)
- Eastern Kiranti = Rai
- Kiranti
- Jingpho-Asakian
- Jingpho
- Jingpho [Kachin]: masum (“three”)
- Jingpho
- Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
- Lolo-Burmese
- Burmish
- Written Burmese: သုံး (sum:, “three”)
- Modern Burmese (Rangoon): /θóʊɴ/
- Written Burmese: သုံး (sum:, “three”)
- Loloish
- /*C-sum²/ invalid IPA characters (C) ("three") (Bradley, 1979)
- Burmish
- Lolo-Burmese
- Karenic:
- /*səmᴬ/ invalid IPA characters (ᴬ) ("three") (Luangthongkum, 2013)
- Sgaw: သၢ (sö, “three”)
- Baic
- Bai: sanl (“three”)