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候	U+5019, 候 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5019

← 倘
[U+5018]

CJK Unified Ideographs

倚 →
[U+501A]

See also: 侯

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

候 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 人中弓大 (OLNK), four-corner 2723₄, composition ⿲亻丨⿳𠃍一矢 or ⿲亻丨⿳乛一矢)

Derived characters

𤠣, 𥱌, 𦃺, 𩌖, 𩺟, 𬑟, 𬫺

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 108, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 775
Dae Jaweon: page 229, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 178, character 5
Unihan data for U+5019

Chinese

trad.		候
simp. ^#		候
alternative forms		𠋫𠊱

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (侯) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
緱	koː, koː
侯	*ɡoː
喉	*ɡoː
猴	*ɡoː
瘊	*ɡoː
篌	*ɡoː
糇	*ɡoː
帿	*ɡoː
睺	ɡoː, ɡoːs
矦	*ɡoː
餱	*ɡoː
翭	*ɡoː
葔	*ɡoː
鄇	ɡoː, ɡoːs
鍭	ɡoː, ɡoːs
鯸	*ɡoː
候	*ɡoːs
堠	*ɡoːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 矦 (OC *ɡoː).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): hòu (hou⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): hau⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): heu
Eastern Min (BUC): hâiu
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): hiō / hō͘ / hāu
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gheu

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: hòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hòu
  - Wade–Giles: hou⁴
  - Yale: hòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: how
  - Palladius: хоу (xou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xoʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hau⁶
  - Yale: hauh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hau⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: heo⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐu̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: heu
  - Hakka Romanization System: heu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: heu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /heu̯⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâiu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑu²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiō
  - Tâi-lô: hiō
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hioi
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hio⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hō͘
  - Tâi-lô: hōo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ho
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hɔ²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāu
  - Tâi-lô: hāu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hau
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hau²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hau³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hau⁴¹/

Note:

hiō/hō͘ - literary;
hāu - vernacular.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gheu
  - MiniDict: gheu^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hheu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦɤ²³/

Middle Chinese: huwH

Rime
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡遘切
Baxter	huwH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəu^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəu^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəu^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəw^H/
Li Rong	/ɣu^H/
Wang Li	/ɣəu^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣə̯u^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	hòu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hau⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤ(r)o-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡoːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hòu
Middle Chinese	‹ huw^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁ(r)o-s/
English	wait upon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	候
Reading #	1/1
No.	5154
Phonetic component	侯
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	𠋫
Old Chinese	/*ɡoːs/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 候

to reconnoitre; to scout
to observe; to survey
to wait for; to await
to respectfully await
to visit; to send one's respects to
to wait on; to attend to; to take care of
to forecast; to predict (by divination)
(historical) scout; lookout; vanguard
(historical) (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 堠 (hòu, “fortress”).
(historical) official
(historical) posthouse; station
(historical) ancient time unit composed of five days
climate; season
omen; sign; portent
(traditional Chinese medicine) to examine (pulse)
(traditional Chinese medicine) medical sign and symptom
(dialectal) to pay for (a bill)

Compounds

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Japanese

Kanji

候

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ぐ (gu)
Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
Kun: そうろう (sōrou, 候, Jōyō)^{←さうらふ (saurafu, 候, historical)}; うかがう (ukagau, 候う); さぶらう (saburau, 候う)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
候
うかみ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Attested in the Nihon Shoki.^[1]

Noun

候(うかみ) • (ukami)

(obsolete) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Alternative spelling of 窺見 (“lookout, scout”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
候
こう Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 候 (MC huwH). The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

候(こう) • (kō)

(literary) the season, the weather of the current season

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
候
そい Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Kanji in this term
候
そえ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

The 命令形 (meireikei, “imperative forms”) of the verb そう (sō), itself from さうへ, modern そうえ.^[1] See etymology 4.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

候(そい) • (-soi) ^{←そひ (sofi)^?}
候(そえ) • (-soe) ^{←そへ (sofe)^?}

(archaic, informal) representation of imperative お…なさい (o- ... nasai), equivalent to English "Please..."

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
候
そう Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/sau/ → /sou/

Late-medieval transition from sōrou, see 候う.^[1]

Pronunciation

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Verb

候(そう) • (sou) ^{←さう (sau)^?}

(archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
(archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after a -ます stem

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
候
ぞう Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/zau/ → /d͡zou/

From archaic に候 (...ni zau), historical sau changed to zau due to

^{The template Template:ja-rendaku does not use the parameter(s): sort=そう
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}

rendaku (連濁).^[1]

Pronunciation

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Verb

候(ぞう) • (zō) ^{←ざう (zau)^?}

(archaic, informal) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Synonym of です (“to be”)
(archaic, formal) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Synonym of でございます (“to be”)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
候
ぞうろ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

/zauro/ → /d͡zoːro/

Stem of rendaku form 候う (zōrou), used in compounds. Template:rfv-etymology

Pronunciation

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Noun

候(ぞうろ) • (zōro) ^{←ざうろ (zauro)^?}

Etymology 7

Kanji in this term
候
そろ Grade: 4
kun’yomi

Transition from 候う (sōrou), see etymology 4.

Pronunciation

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Verb

候(そろ) • (soro)

(archaic) to be; auxiliary used in place of -ある after で or に when forming a copula
(archaic) to do; auxiliary used in place of -ます after a -ます stem

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

候 • (hu) (hangeul 후)

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 候 (hầu, hậu, thoắng)

(deprecated template usage) (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[DJR-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[1]

@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 |goon=ぐ
 |kanon=こう
-|kun=そうろう-<さうらふ-, うかが-う, さぶら-う
+|kun=そうろ.う-<さうらふ-, うかが-う, さぶら-う
 }}
-===Noun===
+===Etymology 1===
+{{ja-kanjitab|うかみ|yomi=k}}
+Attested in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}''.<ref name=DJR>{{R:Daijirin}}</ref>
+====Noun====
+{{ja-noun|うかみ}}
+# {{lb|ja|obsolete|sort=うかみ}} {{alternative spelling of|lang=ja|窺見||[[lookout]], [[scout]]}}
+===Etymology 2===
+{{ja-kanjitab|こう|yomi=o}}
+From {{der|ja|ltc|sort=こう|-}} {{ltc-l|候}}. The ''{{ll|ja|漢音|kan'on}}'' pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.
+====Pronunciation====
+{{ja-pron|y=kan|こう|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR}}
+====Noun====
 {{ja-noun|こう}}
 # {{lb|ja|literary|sort=こう}} the [[season]], the [[weather]] of the current season
+===Etymology 3===
+{{ja-kanjitab|そい|yomi=k}}
+{{ja-kanjitab|そえ|yomi=k}}
+The {{m|ja|命令形|tr=meireikei||imperative forms}} of the verb {{ja-r|そう}}, itself from {{ja-l||さうへ}}, modern {{ja-l|そうえ}}.<ref name=DJR>{{R:Daijirin}}</ref> See etymology 4.
+====Pronunciation====
+{{ja-pron|y=k|そい|そえ}}
+====Suffix====
+{{ja-pos|suffix|そい|hhira=そひ}}<br/>{{ja-pos|suffix|そえ|hhira=そへ}}
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|informal|sort=そい}} representation of imperative {{m|ja|[[お]]…[[なさい]]|tr=o- ... nasai}}, equivalent to English "''Please...''"
+===Etymology 4===
+{{ja-kanjitab|そう|yomi=k}}
+{{IPAchar|/sau/}} → {{IPAchar|/sou/}}
+Late-medieval transition from ''sōrou'', see {{ja-l|候う}}.<ref name=DJR>{{R:Daijirin}}</ref>
+====Pronunciation====
+{{ja-pron|y=k|そ.う}}
+====Verb====
+{{ja-verb|そ.う|hhira=さう}}
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=そう}} to be; [[auxiliary]] used in place of {{m|ja|ある|-ある}} after {{ja-l|で}} or {{ja-l|に}} when forming a [[copula]]
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=そう}} to do; auxiliary used in place of {{m|ja|ます|-ます}} after a {{m|ja||-ます}} stem
+===Etymology 5===
+{{ja-kanjitab|ぞう|yomi=k}}
+{{IPAchar|/zau/}} → {{IPAchar|/d͡zou/}}
+From archaic {{m|ja|[[に]][[候]]|tr=...ni zau}}, historical ''sau'' changed to ''zau'' due to {{ja-rendaku|sort=そう}}.<ref name=DJR>{{R:Daijirin}}</ref>
+====Pronunciation====
+{{ja-pron|y=k|ぞ.う}}
+====Verb====
+{{ja-verb|ぞう|hhira=ざう}}
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|informal|sort=そう}} {{synonym of|lang=ja|です||to be}}
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|formal|sort=そう}} {{synonym of|lang=ja|[[で]][[ございます]]||to be}}
+===Etymology 6===
+{{ja-kanjitab|ぞうろ|yomi=k}}
+{{IPAchar|/zauro/}} → {{IPAchar|/d͡zoːro/}}
+Stem of rendaku form {{m|ja|候う|tr=zōrou}}, used in compounds. {{rfv-etymology|ja}}
+====Pronunciation====
+{{ja-pron|y=k|ぞうろ}}
+====Noun====
+{{ja-noun|ぞうろ|hhira=ざうろ}}
+# [[service]]
+# [[doing]]
+===Etymology 7===
+{{ja-kanjitab|そろ|yomi=k}}
+Transition from {{m|ja|候う|tr=sōrou}}, see etymology 4.
+====Pronunciation====
+{{ja-pron|y=k|そろ}}
+====Verb====
+{{ja-verb|そろ}}
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=そろ}} to be; auxiliary used in place of {{m|ja|ある|-ある}} after {{ja-l|で}} or {{ja-l|に}} when forming a [[copula]]
+# {{lb|ja|archaic|sort=そろ}} to do; auxiliary used in place of {{m|ja|ます|-ます}} after a {{m|ja||-ます}} stem
+===References===
+<references/>
 ----

候: difference between revisions

Revision as of 02:13, 28 September 2017

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Pronunciation

Definitions

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Etymology 1

Noun

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Suffix

Etymology 4

Pronunciation

Verb

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Verb

Etymology 6

Pronunciation

Noun

Etymology 7

Pronunciation

Verb

References

Korean

Hanja

Vietnamese

Han character

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