総統: difference between revisions

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===Etymology===
===Etymology===
Ultimate derivation unclear. May be a coinage in Japan from {{cog|ltc|sort=そうとう|-}}-derived elements, as a compound of {{compound|ja|sort=そうとう|総|tr1=sō|t1=[[all]], [[everything]]|統|tr2=tō|t2=[[rule]], [[govern]]}}.
{{rfe|ja|Sino-Japanese or coined in Japan?}}

First cited in Japanese to a text from 1869.<ref name="KDJ2">{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2}}</ref>


===Pronunciation===
===Pronunciation===
Line 10: Line 12:


===Noun===
===Noun===
{{ja-noun|そうとう|kyu=總統}}
{{ja-noun|そうとう}}


# {{defdate|from 1869}} {{lb|ja|sort=そうとう|archaic}} [[general]] [[control]] over something; a [[person]] or official [[position]] with such control
# {{lb|ja|government|politics|uncommon|sort=そうとう}} [[president]]
# {{lb|ja|government|politics|sort=そうとう}} [[generalissimo]]
# {{defdate|from roughly 1912}} {{lb|ja|sort=そうとう|government|politics|uncommon|China}} [[president]]
# {{lb|ja|historical|sort=そうとう}} [[Führer]] - [[w:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] when the [[chancellor]] of [[Nazi]] [[Germany]]
# {{defdate|from 1930s?}} {{lb|ja|sort=そうとう|government|politics}} [[generalissimo]] {{q|such as {{w|Benito Mussolini}} of Italy}}, [[caudillo]] {{q|such as {{w|Francisco Franco}} of Spain}}
# {{defdate|from 1934}} {{lb|ja|sort=そうとう|historical}} the [[Führer]] - [[w:Adolf Hitler|Adolf Hitler]] as the [[chancellor]] of [[Nazi]] [[Germany]]


====Usage notes====
====Usage notes====
The term is usually used to describe dictatorial or fascist politicians who are not monarchs. {{ja-r|大統領|だいとうりょう}} is used instead on elected politicians, even if they are nominally elected. An exception is the president of the {{w|Republic of China}}, where the term 総統 is an {{obor|ja|zh|總統|nocap=1}}.
The term is usually used to describe dictatorial or fascist politicians who are not monarchs. {{ja-r|大統領|だいとうりょう}} is used instead on elected politicians, even if they are nominally elected. An exception is the president of the {{w|Republic of China}}, where the term 総統 is an {{obor|ja|zh|總統|nocap=1}}.


====Synonyms====
====See also====
* {{ja-r|大統領|だいとうりょう}}
* {{ja-r|大統領|だいとうりょう|president}}

===Verb===
{{ja-verb-suru|そうとう}}

# {{defdate|from 1869}} {{lb|ja|sort=そうとう|archaic}} to have or exercise [[general]] [[control]] over something
#: {{synonyms|ja|統べ括る|tr1=subekukuru}}

====Conjugation====
{{ja-suru|そうとう}}


===References===
===References===

Revision as of 21:24, 23 January 2023

Japanese

Kanji in this term
総 統
そう
Grade: 5 		とう
Grade: 5
kan'on on'yomi
Alternative spelling
總統 (kyūjitai)
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Etymology

Ultimate derivation unclear. May be a coinage in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived elements, as a compound of 総 (sō, “all, everything”) +‎ 統 (tō, “rule, govern”).

First cited in Japanese to a text from 1869.[1]

Pronunciation

Noun

総(そう)統(とう) • (sōtō) 

  1. [from 1869] (archaic) general control over something; a person or official position with such control
  2. [from roughly 1912] (government, politics, uncommon, China) president
  3. [from 1930s?] (government, politics) generalissimo (such as Benito Mussolini of Italy), caudillo (such as Francisco Franco of Spain)
  4. [from 1934] (historical) the Führer - Adolf Hitler as the chancellor of Nazi Germany

Usage notes

The term is usually used to describe dictatorial or fascist politicians who are not monarchs. 大統領(だいとうりょう) (daitōryō) is used instead on elected politicians, even if they are nominally elected. An exception is the president of the Republic of China, where the term 総統 is an orthographic borrowing from Chinese 總統／总统 (zǒngtǒng).

See also

Verb

総(そう)統(とう)する • (sōtō suru) suru (stem 総(そう)統(とう)し (sōtō shi), past 総(そう)統(とう)した (sōtō shita))

  1. [from 1869] (archaic) to have or exercise general control over something
    Synonym: 統べ括る (subekukuru)

Conjugation

Conjugation of "総統する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 総統し そうとうし sōtō shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 総統し そうとうし sōtō shi
Shūshikei ("terminal") 総統する そうとうする sōtō suru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 総統する そうとうする sōtō suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 総統すれ そうとうすれ sōtō sure
Meireikei ("imperative") 総統せよ¹
総統しろ² 		そうとうせよ¹
そうとうしろ² 		sōtō seyo¹
sōtō shiro²
Key constructions
Passive 総統される そうとうされる sōtō sareru
Causative 総統させる
総統さす 		そうとうさせる
そうとうさす 		sōtō saseru
sōtō sasu
Potential 総統できる そうとうできる sōtō dekiru
Volitional 総統しよう そうとうしよう sōtō shiyō
Negative 総統しない そうとうしない sōtō shinai
Negative continuative 総統せず そうとうせず sōtō sezu
Formal 総統します そうとうします sōtō shimasu
Perfective 総統した そうとうした sōtō shita
Conjunctive 総統して そうとうして sōtō shite
Hypothetical conditional 総統すれば そうとうすれば sōtō sureba
¹ Written imperative

² Spoken imperative

References

  1. ^ “総統”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
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