Appendix:Italian Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Italian, compared with that of English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| No. | English | Italian italiano |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | io | /ˈiːo/ |
| 2 | you (singular) | tu | /tu*/ |
| 3 | he | egli, lui | /ˈeʎʎi/, /ˈluːi/ |
| 4 | we | noi | /ˈnoːi/ |
| 5 | you (plural) | voi | /ˈvoːi/ |
| 6 | they | essi, loro | /ˈloːro/ |
| 7 | this | questo | /ˈkwesto/ |
| 8 | that | quello | /ˈkwello/ |
| 9 | here | qui, qua | /kwi*/, /kwa*/ |
| 10 | there | là | /la*/ |
| 11 | who | chi | /ki*/ |
| 12 | what | che | /ke*/ |
| 13 | where | dove | /ˈdoːve/ |
| 14 | when | quando | /ˈkwando/ |
| 15 | how | come | /ˈkoːme/ |
| 16 | not | non | /non/ |
| 17 | all | tutto | /ˈtutto/ |
| 18 | many | molti, tanti | /ˈmolti/, /ˈtanti/ |
| 19 | some | alcuni, qualche | /alˈkuːni/, /ˈkwalke*/ |
| 20 | few | poco | /ˈpɔːko/ |
| 21 | other | altro | /ˈaltro/ |
| 22 | one | uno | /ˈuːno/ |
| 23 | two | due | /ˈduːe/ |
| 24 | three | tre | /tre*/ |
| 25 | four | quattro | /ˈkwattro/ |
| 26 | five | cinque | /ˈt͡ʃiŋkwe/ |
| 27 | big | grande | /ˈɡrande/ |
| 28 | long | lungo | /ˈluŋɡo/ |
| 29 | wide | largo | /ˈlarɡo/ |
| 30 | thick | spesso | /ˈspesso/ |
| 31 | heavy | pesante | /peˈsante/ |
| 32 | small | piccolo | /ˈpikkolo/ |
| 33 | short | corto | /ˈkorto/ |
| 34 | narrow | stretto | /ˈstretto/ |
| 35 | thin | sottile | /sotˈtiːle/ |
| 36 | woman | donna | /ˈdɔnna/ |
| 37 | man (male) | uomo | /ˈwɔːmo/ |
| 38 | man (human) | uomo | /ˈwɔːmo/ |
| 39 | child | bambino | /bamˈbiːno/ |
| 40 | wife | moglie | /ˈmoʎʎe/ |
| 41 | husband | marito | /maˈriːto/ |
| 42 | mother | madre | /ˈmaːdre/ |
| 43 | father | padre | /ˈpaːdre/ |
| 44 | animal | animale | /aniˈmaːle/ |
| 45 | fish | pesce | /ˈpeʃʃe/ |
| 46 | bird | uccello | /utˈt͡ʃɛllo/ |
| 47 | dog | cane | /ˈkaːne/ |
| 48 | louse | pidocchio | /piˈdɔkkjo/ |
| 49 | snake | serpente | /serˈpɛnte/ |
| 50 | worm | verme | /ˈvɛrme/ |
| 51 | tree | albero | /ˈalbero/ |
| 52 | forest | selva | /ˈselva/ |
| 53 | stick | bastone | /basˈtoːne/ |
| 54 | fruit | frutta | /ˈfrutta/ |
| 55 | seed | seme | /ˈseːme/ |
| 56 | leaf | foglia | /ˈfɔʎʎa/ |
| 57 | root | radice | /raˈdiːt͡ʃe/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | corteccia | /korˈtett͡ʃa/ |
| 59 | flower | fiore | /ˈfjoːre/ |
| 60 | grass | erba | /ˈɛrba/ |
| 61 | rope | corda | /ˈkɔrda/ |
| 62 | skin | pelle | /ˈpɛlle/ |
| 63 | meat | carne | /ˈkarne/ |
| 64 | blood | sangue | /ˈsaŋɡwe/ |
| 65 | bone | osso | /ˈɔsso/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | grasso | /ˈɡrasso/ |
| 67 | egg | uovo | /ˈwɔːvo/ |
| 68 | horn | corno | /ˈkɔrno/ |
| 69 | tail | coda | /ˈkoːda/ |
| 70 | feather | piuma | /ˈpjuːma/ |
| 71 | hair | capelli | /kaˈpelli/ |
| 72 | head | testa | /ˈtɛsta/ |
| 73 | ear | orecchio | /ɔˈrekkjo/ |
| 74 | eye | occhio | /ˈɔkkjo/ |
| 75 | nose | naso | /ˈnaːso/ |
| 76 | mouth | bocca | /ˈbokka/ |
| 77 | tooth | dente | /ˈdɛnte/ |
| 78 | tongue | lingua | /ˈliŋɡwa/ |
| 79 | fingernail | unghia | /ˈuŋɡja/ |
| 80 | foot | piede | /ˈpjɛːde/ |
| 81 | leg | gamba | /ˈɡamba/ |
| 82 | knee | ginocchio | /d͡ʒiˈnɔkkjo/ |
| 83 | hand | mano | /ˈmaːno/ |
| 84 | wing | ala | /ˈaːla/ |
| 85 | belly | pancia | /ˈpant͡ʃa/ |
| 86 | guts | intestino | /intesˈtiːno/ |
| 87 | neck | collo | /ˈkɔllo/ |
| 88 | back | schiena | /ˈskjɛːna/ |
| 89 | breast | petto, mammella | /ˈpɛtto/, /mamˈmɛlla/ |
| 90 | heart | cuore | /ˈkwɔːre/ |
| 91 | liver | fegato | /ˈfeːɡato/ |
| 92 | to drink | bere | /ˈbeːre/ |
| 93 | to eat | mangiare | /manˈd͡ʒaːre/ |
| 94 | to bite | mordere | /ˈmɔrdere/ |
| 95 | to suck | succhiare | /sukˈkjaːre/ |
| 96 | to spit | sputare | /spuˈtaːre/ |
| 97 | to vomit | vomitare | /vomiˈtaːre/ |
| 98 | to blow | soffiare | /sofˈfjaːre/ |
| 99 | to breathe | respirare | /respiˈraːre/ |
| 100 | to laugh | ridere | /ˈriːdere/ |
| 101 | to see | vedere | /veˈdeːre/ |
| 102 | to hear | udire | /uˈdiːre/ |
| 103 | to know | sapere | /saˈpeːre/ |
| 104 | to think | pensare | /penˈsaːre/ |
| 105 | to smell | odorare | /odoˈraːre/ |
| 106 | to fear | temere | /teˈmeːre/ |
| 107 | to sleep | dormire | /dorˈmiːre/ |
| 108 | to live | vivere | /ˈviːvere/ |
| 109 | to die | morire | /moˈriːre/ |
| 110 | to kill | uccidere | /utˈt͡ʃiːdere/ |
| 111 | to fight | combattere | /komˈbattere/ |
| 112 | to hunt | cacciare | /katˈt͡ʃaːre/ |
| 113 | to hit | colpire | /kolˈpiːre/ |
| 114 | to cut | tagliare | /taʎˈʎaːre/ |
| 115 | to split | fendere | /ˈfɛndere/ |
| 116 | to stab | pugnalare | /puɲɲaˈlaːre/ |
| 117 | to scratch | graffiare | /ɡrafˈfjaːre/ |
| 118 | to dig | scavare | /skaˈvaːre/ |
| 119 | to swim | nuotare | /nwoˈtaːre/ |
| 120 | to fly | volare | /voˈlaːre/ |
| 121 | to walk | camminare | /kammiˈnaːre/ |
| 122 | to come | venire | /veˈniːre/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | giacere | /d͡ʒaˈt͡ʃeːre/ |
| 124 | to sit | sedere (action), essere seduto / stare seduto (state) | /seˈdeːre/, /ˈɛssere seˈduːto/, /ˈstaːre seˈduːto/ |
| 125 | to stand | stare in piedi (state) | /ˈstaːre im ˈpjɛːdi/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | girare | /d͡ʒiˈraːre/ |
| 127 | to fall | cadere | /kaˈdeːre/ |
| 128 | to give | dare | /ˈdaːre/ |
| 129 | to hold | tenere | /teˈneːre/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | spremere | /ˈsprɛːmere/ |
| 131 | to rub | strofinare | /strofiˈnaːre/ |
| 132 | to wash | lavare | /laˈvaːre/ |
| 133 | to wipe | asciugare | /aʃʃuˈɡaːre/ |
| 134 | to pull | tirare | /tiˈraːre/ |
| 135 | to push | spingere | /ˈspind͡ʒere/ |
| 136 | to throw | lanciare | /lanˈt͡ʃaːre/ |
| 137 | to tie | legare | /leˈɡaːre/ |
| 138 | to sew | cucire | /kuˈt͡ʃiːre/ |
| 139 | to count | contare | /konˈtaːre/ |
| 140 | to say | dire | /ˈdiːre/ |
| 141 | to sing | cantare | /kanˈtaːre/ |
| 142 | to play | giocare | /d͡ʒoˈkaːre/ |
| 143 | to float | galleggiare | /ɡalledˈd͡ʒaːre/ |
| 144 | to flow | fluire | /fluˈiːre/ |
| 145 | to freeze | gelare | /d͡ʒeˈlaːre/ |
| 146 | to swell | gonfiarsi | /ɡonˈfjarsi/ |
| 147 | sun | sole | /ˈsoːle/ |
| 148 | moon | luna | /ˈluːna/ |
| 149 | star | stella | /ˈstella/ |
| 150 | water | acqua | /ˈakkwa/ |
| 151 | rain | pioggia | /ˈpjɔdd͡ʒa/ |
| 152 | river | fiume | /ˈfjuːme/ |
| 153 | lake | lago | /ˈlaːɡo/ |
| 154 | sea | mare | /ˈmaːre/ |
| 155 | salt | sale | /ˈsaːle/ |
| 156 | stone | pietra | /ˈpjɛːtra/ |
| 157 | sand | sabbia | /ˈsabbja/ |
| 158 | dust | polvere | /ˈpolvere/ |
| 159 | earth | suolo, terra | /ˈswɔːlo/, /ˈtɛrra/ |
| 160 | cloud | nuvola | /ˈnuːvola/ |
| 161 | fog | nebbia | /ˈnebbja/ |
| 162 | sky | cielo | /ˈt͡ʃɛːlo/ |
| 163 | wind | vento | /ˈvɛnto/ |
| 164 | snow | neve | /ˈneːve/ |
| 165 | ice | ghiaccio | /ˈɡjatt͡ʃo/ |
| 166 | smoke | fumo | /ˈfuːmo/ |
| 167 | fire | fuoco | /ˈfwɔːko/ |
| 168 | ash | ceneri | /ˈt͡ʃeːneri/ |
| 169 | to burn | bruciare | /bruˈt͡ʃaːre/ |
| 170 | road | strada | /ˈstraːda/ |
| 171 | mountain | montagna | /monˈtaɲɲa/ |
| 172 | red | rosso | /ˈrosso/ |
| 173 | green | verde | /ˈverde/ |
| 174 | yellow | giallo | /ˈd͡ʒallo/ |
| 175 | white | bianco | /ˈbjaŋko/ |
| 176 | black | nero | /ˈneːro/ |
| 177 | night | notte | /ˈnɔtte/ |
| 178 | day | giorno | /ˈd͡ʒorno/ |
| 179 | year | anno | /ˈanno/ |
| 180 | warm | caldo | /ˈkaldo/ |
| 181 | cold | freddo | /ˈfreddo/ |
| 182 | full | pieno | /ˈpjɛːno/ |
| 183 | new | nuovo | /ˈnwɔːvo/ |
| 184 | old | vecchio | /ˈvɛkkjo/ |
| 185 | good | buono | /ˈbwɔːno/ |
| 186 | bad | cattivo | /katˈtiːvo/ |
| 187 | rotten | marcio | /ˈmart͡ʃo/ |
| 188 | dirty | sporco | /ˈspɔrko/ |
| 189 | straight | dritto | /dritto/ |
| 190 | round | rotondo | /roˈtondo/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | aguzzo, affilato | /aˈɡutt͡so/, /affiˈlaːto/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | smussato | /zmusˈsaːto/ |
| 193 | smooth | liscio | /ˈliʃʃo/ |
| 194 | wet | bagnato | /baɲˈɲaːto/ |
| 195 | dry | asciutto, secco | /aʃˈʃutto/, /ˈsekko/ |
| 196 | correct | corretto | /korˈrɛtto/ |
| 197 | near | vicino | /viˈt͡ʃiːno/ |
| 198 | far | lontano | /lonˈtaːno/ |
| 199 | right | destra | /ˈdɛstra/ |
| 200 | left | sinistra | /siˈnistra/ |
| 201 | at | a | /a*/ |
| 202 | in | in | /in/ |
| 203 | with | con | /kon/ |
| 204 | and | e | /e*/ |
| 205 | if | se | /se*/ |
| 206 | because | perché | /perˈke*/ |
| 207 | name | nome | /ˈnoːme/ |
- Orthography :
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :
-
- verbs : infinitive
- other words : masculine, singular, nominative (subject)
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.
- Pronunciation :
Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the showed pronunciation.
Bibliography[edit]
- Mini dictionnaire français-italien / italien-français, Hachette & de Agostini, Paris 2003 - ISBN 2-01-280545-0
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6