Appendix:Jeju Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Jeju, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

No. English Jeju
제주말 (jejumal)
IPA
pronunciation
1 I (na) na̠
2 you (singular) (neu)
3 he 가의 (gaui), 자의 (jaui), 야이 (yai) ka̠i, t͡ɕa̠i, ja̠i
4 we 우리 (uri) uɾi
5 you (plural) 너내 (neonae) nənæ
6 they 가의덜 (gauideol) ka̠idəɭ
7 this (i) i
8 that (geu), (jeo) kɨ, t͡ɕə
9 here 이디 (idi) idi
10 there 그디 (geudi) kɨdi
11 who 누게 (nuge) nuɡe̞
12 what 무신거 (musin'geo) muɕʰinɡə
13 where 어드 (eodeu) ədɨ
14 when 어느제 (eoneuje) ənɨd͡ʑe̞
15 how 어떵 (eotteong) ət͈əŋ
16 not 아이 (ai) a̠i
17 all 모돈 (modon) mo̞do̞n
18 many 만ᄒᆞ다 (manhawda), 하다 (hada) ma̠nɦɒda̠, ha̠da̠
19 some ᄒᆞ꼼 (hawkkom), 조곰 (jogom) hɒk͈o̞m, t͡ɕo̞ɡo̞m
20 few 조곰 (jogom) t͡ɕo̞ɡo̞m
21 other ᄐᆞᆫ난 (tawnnan) tʰɒnna̠n
22 one ᄒᆞ나 (hawna), 호나 (hona) hɒna̠, ho̞na̠
23 two 두게 (duge) tuɡe̞
24 three (sit) ɕʰit̚
25 four (nuit) nit̚
26 five 다ᄉᆞᆺ (dasawt) ta̠sɒt̚
27 big 크다 (keuda) kʰɨda̠
28 long 질다 (jilda) t͡ɕiːɭda
29 wide 넙다 (neopda) nəp̚t͈a̠
30 thick 두덥다 (dudeopda) tədəp̚t͈a
31 heavy 베다 (beda), 무겁다 (mugeopda) pe̞da̠, muɡəp̚t͈a̠
32 small 족다 (jokda) t͡ɕo̞k̚t͈a
33 short 짜르다 (jjareuda) t͡ɕ͈aɾɨda
34 narrow 좁다 (jopda), 좁짝ᄒᆞ다 (jopjjakhawda) t͡ɕo̞p̚t͈a̠, t͡ɕo̞p̚t͡ɕ͈akʰɒda̠
35 thin ᄁᆞ늘다 (kkawneulda) k͈ɒnɨɭda̠
36 woman 제집 (jejip) t͡ɕe̞ːd͡ʑip̚
37 man (male) 소나이 (sonai) sʰo̞na̠i
38 man (human) 사름 (sareum) sʰa̠ːɾɨm
39 child 아의 (aui) a̠i
40 wife 각시 (gaksi) ka̠kʃ͈i
41 husband 냄편 (naempyeon) nɛmpʰjən
42 mother 어멍 (eomeong) əməŋ
43 father 아방 (abang) a̠ba̠ŋ
44 animal 짐승 (jimseung) t͡ɕimsʰɨŋ
45 fish 물궤기 (mulgwegi) muɭk͈we̞ɡi
46 bird 생이 (saeng'i) sʰæŋi
47 dog (gae)
48 louse (nui) ni
49 snake 베염 (beyeom) pe̞ːjəm
50 worm 버렝이 (beoreng'i) pəɾe̞ŋi
51 tree (nang) na̠ŋ
52 forest 고지 (goji) ko̞d͡ʑi
53 stick 막당이 (makdang'i) ma̠k̚t͈a̠ŋi
54 fruit ᄋᆢᆯ매 (yawlmae) jɒɭmæ
55 seed (ssi) ʃ͈i
56 leaf (seop) sʰəp̚
57 root 불희 (bulhui) puɾhi
58 bark (of a tree) 낭거죽 (nanggeojuk) na̠ŋɡəd͡ʑuk̚
59 flower 고장 (gojang) ko̞d͡ʑa̠ŋ
60 grass (pul) pʰuɭ
61 rope (jul) t͡ɕuɭ
62 skin ᄉᆞᆯ카죽 (sawlkajuk) sʰɒɭkʰa̠d͡ʑuk̚
63 meat 궤기 (gwegi), ᄉᆞᆯ (sawl) kwe̞ɡi, sʰɒɭ
64 blood (pi) pʰi
65 bone (kkwang) k͈wa̠ŋ
66 fat (noun) [Term?]
67 egg ᄃᆞᆨ새기 (dawksaegi), (al) tɒk̚s͈æɡi, a̠ɭ
68 horn (ppul) p͈uɭ
69 tail 꼴리 (kkolli) k͈o̞ʎʎi
70 feather [Term?]
71 hair [Term?]
72 head [Term?]
73 ear [Term?]
74 eye [Term?]
75 nose [Term?]
76 mouth [Term?]
77 tooth [Term?]
78 tongue [Term?]
79 fingernail [Term?]
80 foot [Term?]
81 leg [Term?]
82 knee [Term?]
83 hand [Term?]
84 wing [Term?]
85 belly [Term?]
86 guts [Term?]
87 neck [Term?]
88 back [Term?]
89 breast [Term?]
90 heart [Term?]
91 liver [Term?]
92 to drink 드르쓰다 (deureusseuda)
93 to eat 먹다 (meokda)
94 to bite 물다 (mulda)
95 to suck ᄈᆞᆯ다 (ppawlda)
96 to spit [Term?]
97 to vomit [Term?]
98 to blow [Term?]
99 to breathe [Term?]
100 to laugh [Term?]
101 to see 보다 (boda)
102 to hear 듣다 (deutda)
103 to know 알다 (alda)
104 to think [Term?]
105 to smell [Term?]
106 to fear [Term?]
107 to sleep [Term?]
108 to live [Term?]
109 to die [Term?]
110 to kill [Term?]
111 to fight [Term?]
112 to hunt [Term?]
113 to hit [Term?]
114 to cut [Term?]
115 to split [Term?]
116 to stab [Term?]
117 to scratch [Term?]
118 to dig [Term?]
119 to swim [Term?]
120 to fly [Term?]
121 to walk [Term?]
122 to come [Term?]
123 to lie (as in a bed) [Term?]
124 to sit [Term?]
125 to stand [Term?]
126 to turn (intransitive) [Term?]
127 to fall [Term?]
128 to give [Term?]
129 to hold [Term?]
130 to squeeze [Term?]
131 to rub [Term?]
132 to wash [Term?]
133 to wipe [Term?]
134 to pull [Term?]
135 to push [Term?]
136 to throw [Term?]
137 to tie [Term?]
138 to sew [Term?]
139 to count [Term?]
140 to say [Term?]
141 to sing [Term?]
142 to play [Term?]
143 to float [Term?]
144 to flow [Term?]
145 to freeze [Term?]
146 to swell [Term?]
147 sun (he)
148 moon ᄃᆞᆯ (dawl)
149 star [Term?]
150 water [Term?]
151 rain [Term?]
152 river [Term?]
153 lake [Term?]
154 sea [Term?]
155 salt [Term?]
156 stone [Term?]
157 sand [Term?]
158 dust [Term?]
159 earth [Term?]
160 cloud [Term?]
161 fog [Term?]
162 sky [Term?]
163 wind [Term?]
164 snow [Term?]
165 ice [Term?]
166 smoke [Term?]
167 fire [Term?]
168 ash [Term?]
169 to burn [Term?]
170 road [Term?]
171 mountain [Term?]
172 red [Term?]
173 green [Term?]
174 yellow [Term?]
175 white [Term?]
176 black [Term?]
177 night [Term?]
178 day [Term?]
179 year [Term?]
180 warm [Term?]
181 cold [Term?]
182 full [Term?]
183 new [Term?]
184 old [Term?]
185 good [Term?]
186 bad [Term?]
187 rotten [Term?]
188 dirty [Term?]
189 straight [Term?]
190 round [Term?]
191 sharp (as a knife) [Term?]
192 dull (as a knife) [Term?]
193 smooth [Term?]
194 wet [Term?]
195 dry [Term?]
196 correct [Term?]
197 near [Term?]
198 far [Term?]
199 right [Term?]
200 left [Term?]
201 at [Term?]
202 in [Term?]
203 with [Term?]
204 and [Term?]
205 if [Term?]
206 because [Term?]
207 name [Term?]
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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