Appendix:Jiamao vocabulary lists

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The following vocabulary lists of the Jiamao language are from Liu (2008: 79-81) and Norquest (2015: 341-349). Additional Jiamao forms from Norquest (2015) are listed in Appendix:Proto-Hlai reconstructions.

Liu (2008)[edit]

The following vocabulary list of the Jiamao language is from Liu (2008: 79-81).

Tones[edit]

The Jiamao tone categories and their corresponding phonetic values in Chao tones are (Liu 2008: 65):

Tone category Phonetic value
1 35/55
2 31
3 33
4 11
5 53 (lax)
7 55
8 11
9 53 (checked)

List[edit]

Chinese gloss English gloss Jiamao Page no.
天空 sky vɔːn¹vuəi¹ 79
太阳 sun tou¹vɔːn¹ 79
月亮 moon nuən¹ 79
星星 star tsap⁸tsin⁵ 79
云 cloud pou¹ 79
雾 fog kɔːu⁴ 79
雷 thunder hu¹vuəi¹ 79
风 wind kɯ²vɯat⁷ 79
雨 rain pɔŋ¹ 79
火 fire paːi¹ 79
火烟 smoke (of fire) en⁴tso¹ 79
山 mountain tsou¹ 79
山洞 cave sua¹tsou¹ 79
河 river naːm¹ 79
海 sea laːŋ¹ 79
湖/塘(深) lake, pond (deep) tʰa² 79
湖/塘(浅) lake, pond (shallow) jɔŋ⁵ 79
水沟 ditch vaːi²naːm¹ 79
路 road kɯ²tin¹ 79
水田 paddy field tou⁴ 79
旱田 dry tou⁴kʰa¹ 79
石头 stone siːn¹ 79
沙子 sand kɯ²dei¹ 79
灰 dust huəi¹ 79
土 earth kɯ²len⁴ 79
水 water naːm¹ 79
金 gold kiəm³ 79
银 silver kuən⁴ 79
铜 copper, bronze daːŋ⁴ 79
铁 iron kui¹ 79
盐 salt nɔːu⁴ 79
火灰 ashes nɯa²paːi¹ 79
村 village fuən¹ 79
家 family tʰɯ⁵ 79
棍子 stick tʰok⁸sai¹ 79
绳子 rope tɯi¹ 79
人 person, human tʰai¹ 79
名字 first name pʰe¹ 79
小孩 child tʰiək⁸ 79
男人 man, male pʰɯ¹tsə⁴ 79
女人 woman, female mɯ²taːu¹ 79
小伙 young man mɯ²ȵau¹ 79
姑娘 young woman, virgin kɯ²u¹ 79
祖父 grandfather pəːu⁴ 79
祖母 grandmother tsa² 79
父亲 father po⁵ 79
母亲 mother maːi⁵ 79
丈夫 husband tʰa⁴ 79
妻子 wife naːu⁵ 79
姐姐 elder sister u¹ 79
儿子 son tʰiək⁸ 79
女儿 daughter tʰiək⁸u¹ 79
孙子 grandson tʰiək⁸kɯ²pəːu⁴ 79
哥哥 elder brother eːn¹ 79
弟弟 younger brother nuəi⁵ 79
妹妹 younger sister u¹nuəi⁵ 79
身体 body huən⁴ 79
头 head kiːu¹ 79
头发 hair tiəm¹kiːu¹ 79
额头 forehead kɯ²tu¹ 79
眼睛 eye kɯ²tou¹ 79
鼻子 nose kɯ²hɔːt⁹ 79
耳朵 ear kɯ²kɔ¹ 79
脸 face pʰan¹ 79
嘴巴 mouth kɯ²mɯəŋ⁴ 79
胡子 moustache mum² 79
脖子(后) neck (front) kɯ²tsaŋ² 79
脖子(前) neck (back) kɯ²au⁵ 79
肩膀 shoulder kɯ²vet⁸ 79
脊背 back kɯ²leu⁴ 79
胸 chest pau¹tsai⁴ 79
乳房 breast ȵen⁵ 79
肚子 belly lɯi⁴ 79
腰 waist tʰam²jou⁴ 79
膝盖 knee tʰɔk⁹lu⁴ 80
腿 leg hɔːk⁹ 80
脚 foot hɔːk⁹ 80
手 hand kɯ²ma¹ 80
皮肤 skin na¹ 80
毛 hair hɔːŋ⁴ 80
肉 meat kəːm¹ 80
血 blood tʰuət⁸ 80
骨头 bone liək⁸ 80
牙齿 tooth saŋ¹ 80
舌头 tongue lɔŋ¹tʰiːn⁴ 80
肺 lung vuəŋ⁴ 80
心 heart tim³ 80
肝 liver ŋuən¹ 80
胆 gallbladder ti¹ 80
肠 intestines tin¹lɯi⁴ 80
屎 excrement, feces hɯai² 80
尿 urine naːm¹tsem⁵ 80
水牛 buffalo sei¹ 80
黄牛 cattle nau¹ 80
(牛)角 horn hau⁴ 80
尾巴 tail lɯəŋ³suət⁹ 80
马 horse pə⁵ 80
羊 sheep tsɯːʔ⁷ 80
爪子 claw, nail lep⁷ 80
猪 pig pəi⁴ 80
狗 dog pou⁴ 80
鸡 chicken kʰai¹ 80
翅膀 wing pʰi⁵ 80
鸭子 duck bet⁷ 80
龙 dragon təːŋ⁴ 80
猴子 monkey nɔːk⁹saːŋ 80
熊 bear mui⁴ 80
兔子 rabbit tʰau⁴ 80
老鼠 rat, mouse kɯ²ken⁴ 80
鸟 bird nɔːk⁹ 80
鹰 eagle vei² 80
蛇 snake buət⁹ 80
青蛙 frog kɯ²laːk⁸ 80
乌鸦 crow ɯ⁵ 80
鱼 fish tʰou⁴ 80
燕子 swallow (bird) nɔːk⁹pe⁵ 80
虫 insect zɔːt⁸ ~ jɔːt⁸ 80
虱子 scorpion taːu¹tʰai⁴ 80
苍蝇 fly kɯ²mɔːt⁹ 80
蚊子 mosquito kɯ²sak⁷ 80
蜘蛛 spider tam¹tʰai⁴ 80
蚯蚓 earthworm tʰam¹lau¹ 80
蛆 maggot zɔːt⁸ ~ jɔːt⁸ 80
蚂蝗 leech tsiːŋ⁴ 80
跳蚤 flea tau¹pou⁴ 80
蚂蚁 ant puət⁸ 80
蜜蜂 bee tei¹ 80
蝴蝶 butterfly kaŋ¹kɔŋ¹ 80
树 tree nɔːu⁵sai¹ 80
茎 stem nɔːu⁵ 80
根 root tat⁷ 80
叶子 leaf pi⁴ 80
花 flower ŋɯa¹ 80
果实 fruit mɯat⁷ 80
竹子 bamboo təm¹ 80
红藤 red rattan (Sargentodoxa cuneata) kiət⁷ 80
刺儿 thorn haŋ⁴ 80
稻子 rice muət⁹ 80
种子 seed san¹ 80
穗子 ear of grain poŋ² 80
菜 vegetable tsan¹ 80
芋头 taro kɯa⁵ 80
草 grass kəːn⁴ 80
蛋 egg tsum¹ 80
酒 liquor ŋəːu² 80
布 cloth təp⁷ 80
上衣 clothes (upper garment) vo⁴ 80
鞋 shoe lem² 80
刀子 knife dou⁵ 80
中间 middle, in between su¹ 80
左 left huəi⁴ 80
右 right mɯa⁵ 80
前 front kɯ²tin¹ 80
后 behind au⁵ 80
年 year ma¹ 80
月 month nuən¹ 80
日 day vɔːn¹ 80
晚上 night kɯ²sɔːp⁹ 80
一 one kɯ², tsɯ⁵ 80
二 two tʰiau⁴ 80
三 three taːu³ 80
四 four tiəu¹ 80
五 five pu⁴ 80
六 six nəm⁴ 80
七 seven dau¹ 80
八 eight ku¹ 80
九 nine fə¹ 80
十 ten puət⁹, kɯ²pɔŋ⁴ 80
我 I kau¹ 80
我们 we au¹ 80
你 you (sg.) məi¹ 80
你们 you (pl.) sau¹ 80
他 he nei⁵ 80
他们 they mou⁵ 80
这 this nɛ⁵ 80
这里 here haŋ¹nɛ⁵ 80
那 that kɛ⁴, mɔ⁵ 80
哪 where laːi⁴ 80
怎么 how leŋ⁴laːi⁴ 80
爱 love tiaŋ⁵ 80
吃 eat tei⁵ 80
吹 blow aːu¹ 80
喝 drink ɔːk⁹ 80
咬 bite daːn¹ 80
吞 swallow kuat⁸ 80
看见 see mai¹suəŋ⁵ 80
听见 hear ŋei² 80
知道 know min⁴taːi² 80
睡 sleep ŋɔ⁴ 80
死 die lɔːt⁹ 80
杀 kill tse² 80
游泳 swim kɯ²lɔn¹ 81
找 search, find liəu² 81
飞 fly fin⁴ 81
走 go pai¹ 81
来 come mɯŋ⁴ 81
躺 lie down ŋɔ⁴ 81
坐 sit tsiəŋ¹ 81
站 stand suːn¹ 81
给 give mɯan¹ 81
说 say hu¹ 81
烧 burn tsei¹ 81
数 count kʰa⁴ 81
砍 cut (tree) tʰaːn¹ 81
落 fall, drop dɔːk⁹ 81
怕 fear tʰɔ⁴ 81
打 hit təp⁸ 81
挖 dig tau¹ 81
打架 fight təp⁸tʰa¹ 81
漂浮 float fu⁴ 81
转 turn van¹ 81
拉 pull tɔŋ¹ 81
推 push sɯəi¹ 81
擦 wipe suaʔ⁷ 81
打猎 hunt tuən² 81
笑 laugh tsou¹ 81
戳 poke saːŋ⁵ 81
拿 take kʰɛ⁵ 81
缝 sew bɔk⁹, ȵɔːp⁹ 81
玩 play liau¹ 81
唱 sing saŋ¹ 81
吐 vomit ɔŋ¹, pʰi¹ 81
裂 split (open) dua⁴ 81
吸 suck tan¹, tʰaːu⁵ 81
压 press tet⁷ 81
洗(菜) wash (vegetables) uət⁹ 81
洗(衣) wash (clothes) sa⁵ 81
洗(澡) bathe ɯp⁹ 81
在 at, in su¹ 81
捆 toe kʰɔːp⁹ 81
追 chase pʰeːk⁹ 81
扔 throw fat⁷, fit⁷ 81
流 flow lɔːt⁷ 81
多 many tʰei⁴ 81
少 few lim⁵ 81
大 big lo¹ 81
小 small təːk⁸ 81
长 long tou⁴ 81
短 short tʰa¹ 81
红 red tʰɯːu¹ 81
绿 green laːk⁸ 81
黄 yellow tsai⁴ 81
白 white kʰou¹ 81
黑 black sei¹ 81
苦 bitter ziam⁴ ~ jam⁴ 81
甜 sweet tɯːʔ⁷ 81
辣 hot kəŋ⁵ 81
酸 sour fou¹ 81
热 hot zuŋ¹ ~ juŋ¹ 81
冷 cold hɯai¹ 81
满 full sia⁵ 81
新 new ȵau¹ 81
好 good maŋ¹ 81
坏 bad ai¹ 81
圆 round luːi⁵ 81
干 dry kʰa¹ 81
湿 wet pəːn⁴ 81
脏 dirty siat⁷ 81
聪明 clever keŋ¹, tseŋ¹ 81
远 far laːi¹ 81
近 near la¹ 81
傻 stupid ŋaːŋ² 81
穷 poor fɯːt⁸ 81
窄 narrow viːn⁵ 81
宽 wide vi⁴ 81
全部 all kɔm¹kai¹ 81
尖 sharp tsip⁷ 81
平 flat piːŋ¹ 81
直 straight kuŋ⁵ 81
肥 fat kui¹ 81
厚 thick nou¹ 81
薄 thin kai¹ 81
轻 light kʰɔ⁵ 81
重 heavy kʰɔːn¹ 81
深 deep tʰa² 81
浅 shallow daŋ¹ 81
老 old tso¹ 81
不 no, not ŋɔ¹ 81
和 and bɛ¹ 81
因为 because in³vi⁴ 81
如果 if na¹ 81

Norquest (2015)[edit]

The following vocabulary list of the Jiamao language is from Norquest (2015: 341-349), which provides selected Jiamao words that diverge significantly from Hlai.

See also: Appendix:List of Proto-Hlai reconstructions

List[edit]

Gloss Jiamao language Proto-Hlai
1sg kaw¹ *ɦuː
1pl excl ʔaw¹ *fʰəw
1pl incl tej¹ *hrəw
2sg məj¹ *C-mɯː
2pl tsʰaw¹ *sʰəw
3sg nej⁵ *C-naː
3pl mow⁵ *ɾuːɦ
that (distal) mɔː⁵ *C-maːɦ
this (proximal) nɛː⁵ *C-niːɦ
that (medial) kɛː⁴ *ɦəɰɦ
one kɯː² *tçʰɯː
two ɬiaw⁴ *hluːʔ
three taːw¹ *Cuʈʂhuʔ
four tiəw¹ *ʈʂhəwʔ
five puː⁴ *hmaː
six nəm⁴ *hnom
seven ɗaw¹ *tʰuː
eight kuː¹ *hruː
nine fəː¹ *C-wɯːʔ
ten puət⁹ *fʰuːt
hundred kɯːn¹ *Cuhraːn
ancestor pəːw⁴ tuən⁴ *pʰut pʰuːʔ
woman mɯ² taːw¹ *hmiːʔ kʰəwɦ
man pʰɯ¹ tsəː⁴ *pʰaːʔ C-maːn
wife naːw⁵ *kʰəwɦ
father’s younger sister fiː⁴ *fʰɯːʔ
child ɬiək⁸ lat⁷ *hlɯːk C-lik
younger sibling nuəj⁵ *hruːŋ
face pʰan¹ *ɗəŋ
ear kɔː¹ *hljəj
shoulder vet¹⁰ *ʋaːɦ
arm tɯːn¹ *kʰiːn
sweat ʔɯat⁷ *Cuʔən
chin tsʰɔːŋ¹ *ɦaːŋ
throat lɔːk⁸ *kʰəːk
breast ɲen⁵ *tçiːɦ
lung vuəŋ⁴ *kəwɦ
urine tsem⁵ *ɗuː
horse pəː⁵ *hŋaːʔ
cat ɲaːw⁵ *C-miːwɦ
pangolin tsaː⁴ *C-mɯnʔ
squirrel ləːn⁵ *C-ɲaːt
crab tsʰaːk⁹ *ɓuːɦ
bird nɔːk⁹ *sʰəc
pig pəj⁴ *hməw
monkey nɔːk⁹ tsʰaːŋ¹ *C-nok
porcupine luː⁴ low² *tçʰinʔ
bat tʰiək⁷ *Cuhrɯːk
shrimp ʔɔː⁵ *Cuɾaːŋ
snake ɓuət⁷ *hljaːɦ
gadfly nɯa⁵ *hljaːk
mosquito tsʰak⁷ *C-ɲuːŋ
beetle paːp⁸ *ɾaːp
bee tej¹ *kəːj
moth tsiːw⁴ *tʰəmʔ
bedbug ɗɔːp⁹ *kɯp
bamboo ɓaː¹ *C-laːw
white sesame hemp ven⁴ *kʰaːn
muskmelon haŋ¹ *ʔəj
mushroom tsʰaŋ¹ *ɗit
cotton ɓɔk⁷ hɔːw⁴ *ɦaːwʔ
pit (fruit) hɯət⁷ *ʔuːk
sesame tiaw⁴ *hŋɯː
white rattan (small) lej¹ *kəc
mat grass ləːp⁷ *hrjiːwʔ
coconut pɔː⁵ tsʰuək⁷ *Ciʔunɦ
flower ŋɯa¹ *ʈʂhaːŋ
fruit mɯat⁷ *ʈʂhəːm
chaff vuː⁴ vit⁸ *hliːp
sky vuəj¹ *fʰaːʔ
hail tsʰaː⁵ *sʰinɦ
wasteland faː² *hmuːŋ
mountain tsow¹ *Cuɦəwʔ
ash faː¹ *sʰuːʔ
star tsap⁷tsin⁵ *ɾaːw
frost nɔːw⁴ vuəj¹ *hljin
forest ŋuən⁵ *hrəŋ
typhoon pʰaːŋ¹ *hwənɦ
sand ɗej¹ *pʰuːɦ
house ɬɯː² *hrɯːn
animal pen ŋat⁷ *sʰuːnɦ
bench ŋuən¹ *tʰimɦ
cradle ʔəːj¹ *ʔuː
bamboo hat kuən³ lɔːj⁵ *hlaːŋʔ
shoes ləm⁵ *kəːmʔ
net (small) piw¹ *hrəːjʔ
fan pʰaŋ⁵ *hwoŋʔ
jar lej⁵ *kəj
dagger ɬiək⁸ kʰua¹ *hljiwʔ
child’s house ɗɔː¹ *kujʔ
trough tɔːŋ¹ *[ʈʂ]huː
mat tsiək⁸ *tʰɯːk
road tin¹ *kuːn
earring tsʰiaw¹ *hwiːŋɦ
arrow peː¹ *sʰiːp
fish basket ɓaːw¹ *C-liːk
vine basket ɓiːn¹ lɔː¹ *tçʰəwɦ
bowl/basin laːk⁹ *Cuʔaːw
a handle (knife) ɓuən¹ *fʰiːnʔ
black tsʰej¹ *ɗəmʔ
yellow tsaj⁴ *hljaːŋ
salty taŋ² *Cuɦaːnʔ
good maŋ¹ *hlin
old (thing) ʔjɔːt⁹ *kaːwʔ
early puət⁸ *kaːwʔ
fast tsʰiaŋ⁵ *hjinʔ
wide viː⁴ *ɓaːŋ
hard ləːw⁴ *tçʰəːnʔ
dense niːt⁹ *tʰiːt
live, fresh ɬuət⁸ *Cuɾiːp
horizontal ləŋ⁴ *ɾinɦ
blind kʰiw¹ *m-laːw
beautiful nɔk⁷ *hlin C-mɯːn
hot ʔjuŋ¹ *Cuʈʂhəwʔ
afraid ɬɔː⁴ *ɗaːʔ
dry kʰaː¹ *ɾaːnɦ
round laːw¹ *Cuhrom
empty kʰaŋ¹ *Cuɾajɦ
fine ɲəːp⁸ *ʔuːt
grey pʰuː¹ *hmaːwɦ
indigo taː¹ *tçʰiːŋ
spicy kəŋ⁵ *hrit
bad ʔaj¹ *ɾjaːk
new ɬaw⁴ *hmaːn
late liaw¹ *fʰəŋ
slow tsəŋ² *sʰiːʔ
narrow viːn⁵ *ɓiːp
soft puək⁷ *hmuːt
sparse fuən¹ *hŋwaːnʔ
rotten ɲɯːt⁸ *ʔɯːnʔ
vertical tiam¹ *ɦən
lazy lɯam² *C-laːnʔ
young mɯ² niaw¹ *hlɯːk C-mɯːn
cool (water) ɓeːk⁷ *hrən
thin ŋaːw¹ *C-liːʔ
sterile (egg) tsum¹ luəŋ² *Cuhraːwʔ
few təːk⁸ *ɾjəwɦ
straight kɯŋ⁵ *C-muːc
do leŋ¹ *ʋuːk
listen ŋej² *m-lɯː
eat tej⁵ *C-luːɦ
vomit ʔɔŋ¹ *fʰaːk
bite ɗaːn¹ *hŋaːɲʔ
hit təp⁸ *tʰaːjɦ
cut rice pʰɯːw¹ *tʰun
light fire tuː⁵ *ʔɯmɦ
flow lɔːt⁸ *C-maːw
take miː² *hmət
kill tseː² *ɦuːʔ
play liaw¹ *hrjɯːk
get mɯən¹ *C-m[e]ːk
answer hɔːn⁴ *tʰin
fall ʔaː⁵ *hlaːɦ
weave (net) tsʰaː¹ *kʰuːt
understand min⁴ taj² *kʰuːŋ
look maj¹ *kiw
swallow kuat¹⁰ *Ciʔəːmɦ
lick ɬeːp⁸ *hljiːmɦ
hold in mouth tɔm⁵ *fʰəːm
cast (seed) ʔia¹ *fʰəːnɦ
winnow vat⁷ *fʰənɦ
boil puət⁸ *ɗaːn
swim lɔn¹ *m-liː
pick up kʰɛː⁵ ləːw⁴ *tçʰiːwʔ
call kow⁴ *tçaːn
arrive vow¹ *ɗaːnʔ
give mɯan¹ *ɗɯː
die lɔːt⁹ *hlaːwɦ; *hljuːj
braid (large) taː¹ *m-liː
weave (fabric) tsʰup⁷ *hwiː
top law¹law¹ *pʰiːʔ hnɯː
front pʰaːj⁵ tʰiəŋ⁴ *pʰiːʔ ɗəŋ
side pʰaːj⁵ *fʰaːŋ
left haj² huəj⁴ *pʰiːʔ hwiːŋ
everywhere vow¹ laːj⁴ *hŋom hŋaːjʔ
inside tsʰuː¹ keː⁴ *pʰiːʔ ʔuːk
outside lɔːw⁴ *hljɯːn
opposite side ʔeːk⁹ *hlɯnɦ
right pʰaːj⁵ pet¹⁰ *pʰiːʔ hninɦ
2 years ago mɯ² lut¹⁰ *hmuːɦ ɾɯː
2 days ago vɔːn¹ tsuːn⁴ *hwən ɾɯː
from before tsʰi¹ vɔːn¹ mɔː⁵ *tçʰi kʰuːnɦ
last year mɯ² ləːj⁴ *hmuːɦ pʰənʔ
next year maː¹ tʰiəŋ⁴ *hmuːɦ ɗəŋ
3 days later kɯ² kut¹⁰ *hwən Cuɦaːt
2 days later kɯ² kaː² *hwən Cuɦɯː
morning ziaw⁴ hɔm⁴ *kaːwʔ ɗom
noon kɯ² ɗuən⁵ *ʈʂhaː hŋwən
trip clf. lem¹ *kuːn
pile clf. ɓaːk⁹ *C-leːp
land measure hɯan¹ *tçʰaːn
person clf. ŋuən¹ *tçuːn
bundle clf. puək⁹ *ɓiːk
layer fɯːn⁴ *hlɯt
piece (of) ɗat⁷ *tʰun
tree clf. nɔːw⁵ *kʰɯːŋɦ
needle clf. tsʰin⁵ *tçʰuːŋ
pile clf. tsuːn⁵ *pʰəwʔ
speech clf. tuəŋ⁵ *fʰaːk
long thing clf. tɯj¹ *Ciɦaːɦ
pair (of) ʔum¹ *hlɯːmC

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian

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