Appendix:Luwati Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Luwati, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References[edit]
- Said Al Jahdhami (2018 April) “Indo-Iranian Languages in Oman”, in International Journal of English Language and Linguistics Research[1], volume 6, number 2, pages 45-54
List[edit]
| № | English | Luwati edit (100) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | [Term?] | aːm |
| 2 | you (2sg) | [Term?] | tɔː |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ||
| 4 | we (1pl) | [Term?] | asaː |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ||
| 6 | they (3pl) | ||
| 7 | this | [Term?] | hi |
| 8 | that | [Term?] | hu |
| 9 | here | ||
| 10 | there | ||
| 11 | who | [Term?] | ker |
| 12 | what | [Term?] | kʊrʊ |
| 13 | where | ||
| 14 | when | ||
| 15 | how | ||
| 16 | not | [Term?] | na |
| 17 | all | [Term?] | sɪbbi |
| 18 | many | [Term?], [Term?] | ɡana, ɡanu |
| 19 | some | ||
| 20 | few | ||
| 21 | other | ||
| 22 | one | [Term?] | hakku |
| 23 | two | [Term?] | ɓaː |
| 24 | three | ||
| 25 | four | ||
| 26 | five | ||
| 27 | big | [Term?] | waɗu |
| 28 | long | [Term?] | ɗɪɡu |
| 29 | wide | ||
| 30 | thick | ||
| 31 | heavy | ||
| 32 | small | [Term?] | nandu |
| 33 | short | ||
| 34 | narrow | ||
| 35 | thin | ||
| 36 | woman | [Term?] | ɓaːjri |
| 37 | man (adult male) | [Term?] | mard |
| 38 | man (human being) | [Term?] | maːru |
| 39 | child | ||
| 40 | wife | ||
| 41 | husband | ||
| 42 | mother | ||
| 43 | father | ||
| 44 | animal | ||
| 45 | fish | [Term?] | mat͡ʃi |
| 46 | bird | [Term?] | d͡ʒɪlkʰri |
| 47 | dog | [Term?] | kʊttu |
| 48 | louse | [Term?] | d͡ʒujn |
| 49 | snake | ||
| 50 | worm | ||
| 51 | tree | [Term?] | naxɪl |
| 52 | forest | ||
| 53 | stick | ||
| 54 | fruit | ||
| 55 | seed | [Term?] | daːnu |
| 56 | leaf | [Term?] | kaːɡɪr |
| 57 | root | [Term?] | taːri |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | [Term?] | nes |
| 59 | flower | ||
| 60 | grass | ||
| 61 | rope | ||
| 62 | skin | [Term?] | d͡ʒaːmrɪ |
| 63 | meat | [Term?] | ɡɔːʃɪt |
| 64 | blood | [Term?] | rat̪ |
| 65 | bone | [Term?] | haɗu |
| 66 | fat (noun) | [Term?] | t͡ʃarbi |
| 67 | egg | [Term?] | aːnu |
| 68 | horn | [Term?] | sɪŋ |
| 69 | tail | [Term?] | but͡ʃ |
| 70 | feather | [Term?] | pɔːr |
| 71 | hair | [Term?] | waːra |
| 72 | head | [Term?] | matʰu |
| 73 | ear | [Term?] | kʰan |
| 74 | eye | [Term?] | akʰi |
| 75 | nose | [Term?] | ɲak |
| 76 | mouth | [Term?] | waːt |
| 77 | tooth | [Term?], 𑈜𑈴𑈛 | ɗandɔː, ɗand |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | [Term?] | ɠib |
| 79 | fingernail | [Term?] | nɔː |
| 80 | foot | [Term?] | paɠ |
| 81 | leg | ||
| 82 | knee | [Term?] | munu |
| 83 | hand | [Term?] | hatʰ |
| 84 | wing | ||
| 85 | belly | [Term?] | beʈʰ |
| 86 | guts | ||
| 87 | neck | [Term?] | ɡardɪn |
| 88 | back | ||
| 89 | breast | [Term?] | t͡ʃaːti |
| 90 | heart | [Term?] | dɪl |
| 91 | liver | [Term?] | beʈu |
| 92 | to drink | [Term?] | bjetu |
| 93 | to eat | [Term?] | kaɪtʊ |
| 94 | to bite | [Term?] | t͡ʃʰaktʊ vɪd͡ʒe |
| 95 | to suck | ||
| 96 | to spit | ||
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | ||
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | ||
| 101 | to see | [Term?] | ɲjaretu |
| 102 | to hear | [Term?] | sʊnetu |
| 103 | to know | [Term?] | ɓud͡ʒetu |
| 104 | to think | ||
| 105 | to smell | ||
| 106 | to fear | ||
| 107 | to sleep | [Term?] | summetu |
| 108 | to live | ||
| 109 | to die | [Term?] | maretu |
| 110 | to kill | [Term?] | maːretu |
| 111 | to fight | ||
| 112 | to hunt | ||
| 113 | to hit | ||
| 114 | to cut | ||
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | ||
| 117 | to scratch | ||
| 118 | to dig | ||
| 119 | to swim | [Term?] | veɲd͡ʒetu |
| 120 | to fly | [Term?] | uɗetu |
| 121 | to walk | [Term?] | lanɡetu |
| 122 | to come | [Term?] | at͡ʃetu |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | [Term?] | letetu |
| 124 | to sit | [Term?] | vjetu |
| 125 | to stand | [Term?] | ubjetu |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | ||
| 128 | to give | [Term?] | ɗjetu |
| 129 | to hold | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ||
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | ||
| 133 | to wipe | ||
| 134 | to pull | ||
| 135 | to push | ||
| 136 | to throw | ||
| 137 | to tie | ||
| 138 | to sew | ||
| 139 | to count | ||
| 140 | to say | [Term?] | t͡ʃʰejtu |
| 141 | to sing | ||
| 142 | to play | ||
| 143 | to float | ||
| 144 | to flow | ||
| 145 | to freeze | ||
| 146 | to swell | ||
| 147 | sun | [Term?] | sʊɖ |
| 148 | moon | [Term?] | d͡ʒand |
| 149 | star | [Term?] | taːrʊ |
| 150 | water | [Term?] | paːni |
| 151 | rain | [Term?] | mi |
| 152 | river | ||
| 153 | lake | ||
| 154 | sea | ||
| 155 | salt | ||
| 156 | stone | [Term?] | batʰar |
| 157 | sand | [Term?] | raːj |
| 158 | dust | ||
| 159 | earth | [Term?] | zɪmin |
| 160 | cloud | [Term?] | waːɖja |
| 161 | fog | [Term?] (smoke) | ɖuh |
| 162 | sky | ||
| 163 | wind | ||
| 164 | snow | ||
| 165 | ice | ||
| 166 | smoke | ||
| 167 | fire | [Term?] | ʈʰaːdu |
| 168 | ash | [Term?] | pʊljaːr |
| 169 | to burn | [Term?] | ɓaːretu |
| 170 | road | [Term?] | rastu |
| 171 | mountain | [Term?] | ɗʊnɡʊr |
| 172 | red | [Term?] | rat̪u |
| 173 | green | [Term?] | saːw |
| 174 | yellow | [Term?] | hajdu |
| 175 | white | [Term?] | at͡ʃu |
| 176 | black | [Term?] | kaːru |
| 177 | night | [Term?] | raːt |
| 178 | day | ||
| 179 | year | ||
| 180 | warm | [Term?] | garm |
| 181 | cold | [Term?] | ʈʰaɖu |
| 182 | full | [Term?] | d͡ʒakkaːr |
| 183 | new | [Term?] | naw |
| 184 | old | ||
| 185 | good | [Term?] | uɲt͡ʃu |
| 186 | bad | ||
| 187 | rotten | ||
| 188 | dirty | ||
| 189 | straight | ||
| 190 | round | [Term?] | t͡ʃʰaklɪ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ||
| 193 | smooth | ||
| 194 | wet | ||
| 195 | dry | [Term?] | sʊkku |
| 196 | correct | ||
| 197 | near | ||
| 198 | far | ||
| 199 | right | ||
| 200 | left | ||
| 201 | at | ||
| 202 | in | ||
| 203 | with | ||
| 204 | and | ||
| 205 | if | ||
| 206 | because | ||
| 207 | name | [Term?] | naːlʊ |