Appendix:Pirahã word lists
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Pirahã word lists:
Ladefoged & Everett (1995)[edit]
The following Pirahã word list is from transcriptions of audio recordings by Ladefoged and Everett (1995).[1]
Informants[edit]
| No. | Name | Gender |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hixahoíxoí | M |
| 2 | Xisáo(xói) | M |
| 3 | Kóxói | M |
| 4 | Xagabi | M |
| 5 | Tapai | M, small boy |
| 6 | Xíaapixoi | F |
| 7 | Xiáisoxai | F |
| 8 | Xíaitahóixoi | F |
| 9 | Kóxoi | M |
| 10 | Xaogíoi | F |
| 11 | Toogioao | F |
| 12 | Xíkaoxísaháoóái | F |
| 13 | Pihoatai | M |
| 14 | Xáíogí | M |
| 15 | Xíaapixoi | F |
| 16 | female speaker, mid-late 70s | F |
| 17 | Xíaópai | F |
| 18 | Hixahoíxoí | M |
List[edit]
| English gloss | Pirahã |
|---|---|
| 1st pers. sg. | ti |
| a few foreigners | xaoí hói |
| almost falling | bigí kaobiigá(baí) |
| almost falling | bigí kaobiigábaí |
| almost falling | bigí kaobíigábai |
| almost falling | bigí kaobiigábaísai |
| almost falling | bigí kaohíigábai |
| almost falling | kaobiigábaí |
| also | píai |
| also an ear | xāōī píai |
| anaconda | paóhoahai |
| angry / mean | sabi |
| angry / mean | sabí |
| angry / mean | sabí(koi) |
| animal head | ʔisapaí |
| animal head | ʔisapaí / xísaapaí |
| animal wing | ʔisipóaí |
| animal wing | ʔísipóaí |
| arm | xaapisí |
| arm | xáapisí |
| arm | ʔaapisí |
| arm | ʔapisí / xaapisí |
| arrow | kahaí |
| arrow | poogahai |
| arrow want | kahiogabagaí |
| arrow want | kahiôgabaí |
| arrow-maker | kahaíkai(sai) |
| arrow-maker | kahaikaisai |
| arrow-maker | kahaikáisai |
| arrow-maker | kahaíkaisai |
| big | hiogiái / hio*iái |
| big | xogiái |
| big | ʔogií |
| big | ʔogií / xogiái |
| big | ʔogií(ái) |
| bird arrow | ʔáapahai |
| blood | (xí) bii |
| blood | bii |
| blood | bii(sai) |
| body hair | ʔítaí |
| body hair (excluding head) | (ʔi)taí |
| Brazil nut | ʔáooí [ʔaoẃí] |
| Brazil nut grove | ʔáia |
| Brazil nut grove | ʔáiaasi |
| Brazil nut grove | ʔáiasi |
| Brazil nut grove | ʔáíasi |
| Brazil nutshell | xáooí |
| Brazil nutshell | ʔáooí [ʔaowí] |
| Brazil nutshell | ʔáooí [ʔaoẃí] |
| Brazilian | xaoi |
| Brazilian | xaoí |
| Brazilian | xaooí |
| Brazilian / foreigner | xaoí |
| breast | bogí |
| buraco / hole | xòòí |
| bushmastersnake | tigaiti |
| but / nevertheless | kogá |
| butter | xísahái |
| buzzard | kaitiabi |
| buzzard | kaitiabí |
| buzzard | kaítiabi |
| can (n.) | gáata |
| can (n.) | gáata(hai) |
| can (n.) | gáatahaí |
| candle | xisaahai |
| candle | xísaahaí |
| candle | xísaahái |
| candle | ʔísaahái |
| catfish | ʔoii |
| cause to sit | ʔabáaáti |
| certainly died | koabáipáhá |
| certainly died | xí koabáipáhá |
| claw | ʔisopói |
| claw | ʔísopói |
| claw | ʔisopói / xísopóoi |
| cockroach | ʔoóopai |
| cockroach | ʔoóopaíhi |
| cold | ʔagíi |
| cold | ʔagíi(tá) |
| collared peccary (small wild pig) | baaí |
| come | hoagái |
| come | hoagái(tahá) |
| come | hoagáitahá |
| come | káa hoagái |
| come | káahoagái |
| come | káahoagáikoí |
| come here | gixapíigí |
| come here | gíxapíigí |
| come here | gíʔapigí |
| come here | giʔapigí / gíxapíigí |
| come here | giʔapígí / gíxapíigí |
| come here | gíʔapíigi |
| come here | gíʔapíigí |
| correct | ʔaió |
| couple / few | hoí |
| couple / few | hoí (hio) |
| couple / few | hoí hio |
| couple / few | hoí(hio) |
| couple / few | hoíhio |
| cut the wood | ʔíiibaitopáati |
| cut the wood | ʔíiibaitopí |
| cut the wood | ʔíiibaitopíaáti |
| cutting | ʔiboítisai |
| daughter | tíkaí |
| daughter | ʔíkaí |
| do not cut | xiboítisahaxáí |
| dog | giopai |
| dog | giopaí |
| dog | giopaixi |
| dog balls as well | xísito píai |
| down (n.) | xísoobai |
| down (n.) | xísoobái |
| down (n.) | ʔísoobái |
| down (noun) | xísoobai |
| ear | xāōī |
| ear | ʔáoói [ʔāōwī] |
| ear | ʔáoói [ʔāōw̄ī] |
| ear (1st gloss:foreigner) | ʔaoóí [ʔaowí] |
| earth | bigí |
| eat | kohóaipá |
| eat | kohóaipí |
| egg | ʔísitoí |
| egg want | ?ísitoôgabagí |
| egg want | ʔísitoogabaí |
| eye | kosi |
| fat / body oil | ʔísiisí |
| fish (sp.) | páʔai |
| flower (sp.) | hoaobái |
| foreign woman | ʔaogíi |
| foreigner | xaoí |
| foreigner | ʔaoóí [ʔaowí] |
| foreigner | ʔaoóí [ʔaowī] |
| friend | bagíai |
| frog | pihóábigí |
| frog | píhóábigí |
| fruit (sp.) | paási [pàássí] |
| fruit (sp.) | paássi [pàássí] |
| fruit (sp.) | xipaási [pàássí] |
| full | kaábi |
| ground | bigí |
| hair on body/female | ʔítaí |
| hand | xoóí |
| hat | bogí |
| have a daughter | káaagahá |
| head | xaapaí |
| head | ʔapaí / xaapaí |
| head | ʔapapai |
| head | ʔísapaí |
| head want | ʔísapaogabaí |
| head want | ʔísapaôgabaí |
| her arm | xiiaapisí |
| her arm | ʔiaapisí |
| her arm | ʔíaapisí |
| her body hair | ʔítaí |
| her daughter | tíkaí |
| her daughter | ʔíkaí |
| her ear | xíaopai |
| her spouse | ʔibaisaagá |
| her spouse | ʔíbaisaagá |
| her spouse | ʔíbaisaagá(há) |
| hoaipi eats | kohoáipi hoaipixi |
| hoe | toogiʔi |
| hole | xòòí |
| hole | ʔooí [ʔowí] |
| I arrow want | ti kahaí xogabagai |
| I go to jungle | ti kahápi xóo-óxio |
| I go to jungle | xó-óxio xaahaí |
| I have an ear | ti xao xao-aagáhá |
| I have returned | ti soxóá hóágaitahá |
| I want candles | xísaahái xoogabagaí |
| I want chicken eggs | ti xísitoó-ogabagaí |
| I want clothe | ti xií-oogabagaí |
| I want clothe | xii-oogabagaí |
| I want dog eggs/balls | ti xísito ogabagaí |
| I want down | xísoobá-oogabagaí |
| I want oil | xísiisí soogabagaí |
| I want tarinhá | ti xa-ogahá |
| in the water | piióʔio |
| in the water | xií-oogabagai baósaí |
| inga (a type of fruit) | xopóogií |
| inside | koóʔio |
| It is a foreigner | xaoí xáaga xaoí |
| It is a hand | xao xoó-áaga |
| It is a hand | xoo-áaga |
| jaguar | kagáíhiai |
| jungle | xóoí |
| jungle | xóóí |
| jungle | ʔóoí |
| jungle | ʔóoí [ʔōwi] |
| kill the snake | xí koabáaáipaata tigaiti |
| lake | ʔaabói |
| lake | ʔaabói / ʔaaʙói |
| leaf | (ʔi)taí |
| leaf | itaí |
| leaf | ʔitaí |
| liver | ʔísibíoí |
| look for cloth(es) | xiiohoáaáti baosaí |
| look for meat | xisohoáaátí |
| look for the flashlight | xiíohoáaáti piáhoi xigiábi |
| look for the tape | xiío hoáaáti xáítaoí xigiábi |
| macaw | kaaʔai / kaʔaʔai |
| machete | tagasága(xai) |
| make a path | xagáaati |
| make a path | xágáaáti |
| make a path | ʔabáaáti |
| mango | póai |
| mango | póaí |
| man's name | ʔoogiái |
| many | báagiso |
| many | báagisó |
| many nutshells | xáooí hoí hiaagaha |
| me too | tipíai |
| milk | ʔíbogi / ʔíʙogi |
| much meat | ʔísaíbá |
| much meat | ʔísaibá(há) |
| much meat | ʔísaibáái |
| much meat | ʔísaíbáái |
| much meat | ʔísaibái / xísaibákoi |
| much meat | ʔísaíbái / xisaibákoi |
| much meat | ʔísaíbáxaí |
| my breast | bogí |
| my skin | ti-oí |
| nambu (bird sp.) | hoasaisí |
| nambu (bird sp.) | hoasaisì |
| name | biʔí |
| name | biʔíhi |
| name | piaó |
| name | poioí |
| name | poiói |
| name | saáoxoi |
| name | saóoxoi |
| name | xíaopai |
| name | ʔisáao |
| name | ʔísáao |
| name | ʔpoioí |
| name | ʔpoiói |
| name of woman | xíaopai |
| no | kabí |
| no jungle | xóábahá |
| no jungle | xóoábahá |
| no jungle | xóo-ábahá |
| not / no | kaba |
| oil | xisiibí |
| oil | xisiisí |
| oil | xísiisí |
| OK | ʔigíai |
| one | hói(hi) |
| one / couple | hói |
| one / couple | hóihi |
| one / couple | hóihí |
| orange | gagáía |
| orange | gagáía(xai) |
| otter | pibaoi |
| otter | pibaóí |
| otter | ʔísoobái |
| pacu, sp. of fish | póai |
| paxiuba palm | ʔáaboípi |
| paxiuba palm | ʔáaboípí |
| palm frond (sp.) | paahóisí |
| palm frond (sp.) | páahóisí |
| papaya | kagahoaogii |
| papaya | kagahoaogií |
| plaintain | piahaogixisoaipi |
| plaintain | piahaogixísoáipi |
| plantain | piahaogi xisoáipi |
| plantain | piahaogisoaipi |
| plantain | piahaogísoáipi |
| plantain | piahaogisoaípi / piahaogixísáipi |
| plantain | piahaogisoaipi / piahaogixísoai |
| plantain | piahaogixísoáipi |
| porpoise | piahaogixí |
| proper name | hoaipi |
| proper name | hoaípi |
| rapids | hoabóhoi |
| rat | hiʔí |
| red | bíisai |
| red | xíbíisai |
| residue | (xí) tii |
| residue | (ʔí)tii |
| residue | tii |
| residue | tii pai |
| rock | ʔaʔái |
| rock | ʔaʔái / xaaxaí |
| rock | ʔaʔái / xaaxái |
| sand | taahoasi |
| search for intensely (imp.) | ʔohoáati |
| search for intensely (imp.) | xísohoáaáti |
| search for intensely (imp.) | xohoáaáti |
| search for intensely (imp.) | ʔohoáaáaáti / xisohoáaáti |
| search for meat | xísohoáaáti |
| search for meat | xísohoá-aáti |
| seed (sp.) | ʔoosí |
| she has | ʔiiaagá |
| she has | ʔiiaagá(há) |
| shotgun | hoaoíi [hwaowii] |
| shotgun | hoaoíi [hwaowíi] |
| shotgun | hoaooíi |
| skin | ʔaoí [ʔawí] |
| skin | ʔaoì [ʔawí] |
| sleeve | xiiaapisi |
| sleeve | xiíaapisi |
| sleeve | xiíaapisí |
| sleeve | xiíáapisi |
| small anteater | poʔoʔói |
| small rodent | hóábái |
| sp. of fish | ʔoiboibiísai |
| sp. of fruit | hoaagai |
| sp. of fruit | hoaagái |
| sp. of jungle dog | giaibaháí |
| sp. of jungle dog | gíaibahaí |
| sp. of jungle dog | gíaibahaíxi |
| sp. of jungle dog | giaibaí |
| sp. of monkey (zogue zogue) | poíao |
| sp. of monkey (zogue zogue) | póiao |
| spider | xoóoi |
| spider monkey | gíxaí |
| spider monkey | gìxaíxi |
| spider monkey | giʔáii |
| spider monkey | giʔáíi |
| spider monkey | gíʔaíi |
| spider monkey | gíʔaíixi |
| sun | hiisí |
| there are pacu (a type of fish) | xisao xaagá póai |
| thief | bagiái |
| thief | bágiái |
| thief | bàgiái |
| this | gíiso |
| This is a hand | gíisóxio xoóí |
| throat / neck | boopai |
| to come | hoagái (koí) |
| to cut | ʔibóítaipí |
| to cut | ʔiboítaipí(si) |
| to eat | kohoáipí |
| to eat | kohoáipíxi |
| to go | (kaa) hoagái |
| to go | hoagái |
| to hunt for meat | xisohoáaátí |
| to make a path | xagáaáti |
| to puncture | kosoáipí |
| to puncture | kosoáipíxi |
| tocandeira ant | tokaaga |
| tocandeira ant | tókaaga |
| toucan | ʔabagi |
| underground | bíigió |
| underground | bíigió(xíai) |
| underground | bíigió(xio) |
| vine (string for bow) | baíssi [bàíssí] |
| vine (string for bow) | baísi [bàíssí] |
| want | (tí) ʔoga |
| want | ʔoga |
| want | ʔoga / xooga |
| want | ʔoga(bagai) |
| want | ʔoga(há) |
| want | ʔogabagaí |
| wash the clothes | ʔíiibaitopí |
| water | pii |
| water | pií |
| what is it? | gogí |
| what is it? | gogí(ísói) |
| what is it? | gogíi |
| what is this? | gógíi |
| what's up | gogíi |
| what's up | gogíisoi |
| what's up | goó |
| white-lipped peccary | baahóísi |
| will come | hoagáihai |
| will come | hoagáihaí |
| will come | káa hoagáihai |
| will come | káa hoagáihaí |
| will come | káahoagáihai |
| will go to the jungle | ʔoóapihaí |
| wood (sp.) | ʔaboípi / ʔaʙoípi (xaaboípi) |
| wood / thing | ʔií |
| wood / thing | ʔiì |
| you have a hand | xao xaaga xoóí |
| your arm | gíxáapisí |
| your arm | giʔáapisí |
| your ear | (gí) xa xāōī |
| your hand | (gí) xaooi |
| your hand/pela (?) | gíxaóí |
| your skin | gixa-oí |
| your skin | gixa-óí |
| your skin | gíxaoí |
| your skin | gíxaóí |
| your skin | gixaoí (xaoí) |
| your skin | ʔaoí [ʔawí], gíxaoí |
| ? | bagiáisahaxai |
| ? | gáihi xipóoi |
| ? | gíxaipóoi |
| ? | gíxapú |
| ? | káahoagápáhá |
| ? | pihoabigi |
| ? | pihóábigí |
| ? | píhóábigí |
| ? | saáo(xoi) |
| ? | xíaaópai |
| ? | xíaopai |
| ? | xiíogabagaí baósaí |
| ? | xiíoogabagaí |
Heinrichs (1963)[edit]
The following Pirahã word list (or Mura-Pirahã) was recorded by Arlo Heinrichs (1963) from a 14-year-old boy named "Bernardo" (koi²o²á²ʔa²) in March 1963.[2]
| No. | Portuguese gloss | Mura-Pirahã |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | cabeça | á²pai¹ |
| 3 | cabelo | a²paí²tai²¹ |
| 5 | orelha | aó²pai² |
| 7 | olho | aó²pai¹ |
| 9 | nariz | i²taó²pai¹ |
| 11 | boca | kaó²pai² |
| 12 | língua | í²po¹pai² |
| 14 | dente | aí²to¹pai² |
| 16 | saliva | i²pói²si¹ |
| 17 | pescoço | boí²to²pai² |
| 19 | peito | bó²pai² |
| 20 | costas | í²ga²pai² |
| 21 | mão | ó²pai¹ |
| 23 | perna | á²po¹pai¹ |
| 25 | joelho | aó²¹pai² |
| 27 | pé | áa²¹pai² |
| 29 | coração | ai²óo²pai² |
| 31 | fígado | i²bío¹pai¹ |
| 33 | barriga | kó²ʔo²pai¹ |
| 34 | tripas, intestinos | ko²ʔo²hói²¹si² |
| 35 | pele | ó²i¹ |
| 37 | osso | sá²ai¹ |
| 39 | sangue | i¹bíi²¹ |
| 41b | veado | baí²toi¹ |
| 41c | bode | baí²to²gi¹ |
| 41d | cobra | ti²gaí²ti² |
| 43 | jacaré-açú | kó²ʔoa¹hai²ʔi² |
| 44 | cachorro | gió²pai¹ |
| 46 | onça | baó¹goi²pai¹a² |
| 48 | macaco-coatá | gi²ʔá²ai¹ |
| 49 | anta | ká²ba²ti¹ |
| 50 | chifre | sá²paì²i² |
| 52 | rabo | i¹gá²toi² |
| 54 | nambú | hoa²saí²si² |
| 56 | papagaio | kaá²hai²ʔài¹ |
| 57 | garra, unha de bicho | i¹so²pó²i² |
| 59 | asa | si²pó²ai² |
| 61 | pena, pluma | sí²tai¹ |
| 63 | ovo | sí²toi²¹ |
| 65 | peixe | tao²í¹ʔi²hi²ai² |
| 67 | cobra | ti²gaí²ti² |
| 69 | piolho | ti²hií²hi² |
| 71 | verme, minhoca | i¹o²bí²ʔi² |
| 73 | milho | tí²haa²¹ |
| 75 | mandioca | áo²hoi² |
| 77 | fumo (tabaco) | tí¹hi² |
| 79 | árvore | ií²¹ |
| 81 | pauzinho | ií²ʔoí¹hi²hi² |
| 83 | capim, grama | pii¹²ʔí¹hi² |
| 85 | flor | ii²¹ho²áó²bai² |
| 88 | fruta | ti²o²í²hi² |
| 90 | semente | aí¹²si² |
| 92 | folha | pí¹ |
| 94 | raiz | sá²ai¹ |
| 96 | casca | í²o¹i¹ |
| 98 | céu | bí²gi¹ |
| 99 | sol | hí²si¹ |
| 101 | lua | ká²hai¹ʔài²¹i² |
| 103 | estrela | po²goi³sái² |
| 105 | dia | cí²¹bi²gáo²pi² |
| 107 | noite | á²ho¹ai² |
| 109 | ano | pí²hoi²¹hi²ai² |
| 110 | nuvem | hoá²a¹ʔai² |
| 112 | chuva | pí² |
| 114 | nevoeiro (fumaça da terra) | pi²hoa á²ʔai² |
| 115 | vento | i²ó¹hoi¹ |
| 118 | granizo | pi²á¹sa¹hoa¹ |
| 120 | rio | pí² |
| 122 | água | pí² |
| 125 | lagoa | aá²boi² |
| 128 | terra | bí²gi¹ |
| 130 | pó, poeira | ni²hóa²ai¹ |
| 132 | areia | tá²hoa²si² |
| 133 | o mato | ó²i¹ |
| 137 | pedra | á²ʔa¹ti² |
| 139 | caminho | á²gi¹ |
| 142 | casa | kái²¹i¹ |
| 145 | canoa | á²ga²oa²ai² |
| 147 | arco | ho¹ií² |
| 150 | flecha | pó²ga²hai² |
| 152 | machado | tái²¹si² |
| 154 | a faca | ka²haí²ʔio²i² |
| 157 | corda | bá²ai²gi²hi¹ |
| 159 | panela (de barro) | taí¹hoa²ʔai² |
| 160 | banha | sa²haí¹ |
| 163 | sal | sí²gi¹hi² |
| 164 | fogo | ho²aí² |
| 167 | fumaça | hoa¹ʔaí²¹ |
| 169 | cinza | hoa²tíi¹ |
| 171 | pessoa, gente | hia²bá²si¹ àa²ga² |
| 172 | homem | hí¹gi²hi¹ |
| 173 | mulher | i²pói¹hi² |
| 174 | menina | i¹aó²gi²hi¹ |
| 174 | criança | ti²o²áa²ʔai² |
| 178 | marido, esposa | hi¹baí²ti²hi² |
| 181 | pai | bái²¹ʔi² hí²gi²hi¹ |
| 182 | mãe | bái²¹ʔi² í²poi¹hi² |
| 183 | nome | hi¹góo²¹ka²si¹gi²ai²ʔi² |
| 184 | eu | ti²ʔáa²ga² |
| 185 | tu (você) | gi¹ʔaí²ʔáa²ga² |
| 186 | ele | hí¹gai²ʔáa²ga² |
| 187 | nós | ti²ʔaí²ti²so² |
| 188 | vós (vocês) | gi²ʔaí¹ti¹so² |
| 189 | eles | hi²ʔaí¹ti¹so² |
| 204 | não tem | hi¹a¹ba¹ |
| 208 | e | pió² |
| 209 | com | ʔáo²¹, kao¹ |
| 211 | a, em | -o² |
| 213 | um | hi²hói¹² |
| 214 | dois | hi²hói²¹ |
| 215 | três | hi²báa²gi²ʔi² |
| 216 | quatro | hi²aí¹ba¹ʔai² |
| 217 | cinco | hi²aí¹ba¹ʔai² |
| 272 | bom | i²báa²ai¹ |
| 279 | frio | a²gí¹ʔi² |
| 280 | quente | ho²ái²¹ʔi² |
| 281 | amarelo | bíi²¹sai² |
| 282 | verde | á²hoa²sai² |
| 283 | vermelho | bíi²¹sai² |
| 284 | preto | o²paí¹ai¹ʔi¹ |
| 285 | branco | oó bi¹ai¹ʔi² |
| 286 | sujo | ʔoí¹gi¹ |
| 287 | molhado | í²hoa¹ |
| 288 | seco | hi¹aí²ʔi² |
| 289 | liso | ó o²¹ʔoi² |
| 290 | pesado | i²taí² |
| 292 | todos | o¹gi¹áo²gao¹ |
| 297 | fino | hi²o¹ʔoi² |
| 298 | comprido | pí²ʔi² |
| 304 | aquí | gái² |
| 305 | aí | aa²ʔái² |
| 308 | longe | káo²¹ʔaá²ga¹ |
| 309 | perto | í²gi¹ai²go¹ |
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter, Daniel Everett, and Keren Everett. 1995. Pirahã. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics. (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Generic (CC BY-NC 2.0) License.)
- ^ Heinrichs, Arlo. 1963. Questionário: Mura-Pirahã Rios Marmelos e Maici. (Questionário dos Vocabulários Padrões para estudos comparativos preliminares de línguas indígenas brasileiras.) Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional. 28pp.