Appendix:Proto-Chumash reconstructions

Proto-Chumash reconstructions:

Klar (1977)

no.	gloss	Proto-Chumash	Proto-Southern Chumash	notes
1	advise, to	*si/umun
2	all		*yimlaʔ
3	alone	*l-ho
4	already	*kVla-
5	ant	*tkaya’		plus sound symbolism
6	armpit	*ti/uq’olo(lo)		stem: *q'olo(lo)
7	arrive	*ki/um
8	arrow		*ya'
9	arroyo	*l’VmV
10	ascend	*-nVpa
11	ashamed, to be	*-nos-
12	ashes	*qSa
13	ask, to	*-VsqVnV
14	back (body part)	*mVtV’
15	ball	*-apapa		reduplicated stem
16	bat (animal)	*mVkala
17	bathe, to	*k-ep’
18	bear (animal)	*qus
19	bee	*olo		plus sound symbolism
20	begin, to	*-nVna’		reduplicated stem?
21	blow, to	*aq-(tV)-p-; *-kVt	*-wu-
22	boil, to	*-wi-
23	bone	*Se
24	bow (noun)	*aqa
25	break, to	*k’oto; *eqe
26	breast	*kVtet
27	breathe; breath	*kal-haS; *-haS
28	bring, to	*kVlhi
29	burn, to	*qi/ut
30	cost, to	*piw’
31	carry, to	*kum
32	carry on back, to	*sVpV
33	cheek		*po'
34	chest (body part)	*kVwV
35	chia	*’epV-
36	canoe		*tomolo
37	clitoris	*Cele ~ *C’ele
38	cold, to feel	*toqom ~ *qotom
39	comb, to	*ti/ukikS
40	come, to	*yit-i; *VlhVw
41	concerned with, to be	*tak
42	cooked	*pSel
43	cough, to	*oqoqo-		reduplicated stem; onomatopoetic
44	cover, to	*Vqmay
45	crack, split, to	*-eqe
46	cut, to	*’iwa		plus reduplication
47	dark-colored, to be	*Soy
48	day	*qSi; *-iSa-
49	deaf	*tu’
50	deep	*l-hiy
51	die, to	*qSa
52	dirt	*uyu
53	drink; thirsty, to be	*aq-mihi-l-ha; *o-
54	ear	*tu’
55	earth		*šup
56	eat, to	*uw
57	eye, face	*tVq
58	eyes, face, having to do with	*weqe
59	far, to be	*mVkV
60	fat	*qilhi
61	fight, to	*aqi/u
62	fire	*ne
63	flower	*pey’
64	flea	*-tep (Proto-Central Chumash)
65	fly (insect)	*axulpes
66	follow, to	*pey
67	food (cf eat)	*uw-		*uw- 'eat' plus *-mu (nominalizing suffix)
68	foot	*teme’
69	forget, to	*may
70	full from eating, to be	*qti’
71	get up, to	*kVta’
72	gopher snake	*pSoSo		reduplicated stem
73	grasshopper	*ti/uqu		root: *-qu
74	gull sp.	*miyV
75	hair, fur	*SuSV		reduplicated stem?
76	hand	*pu
77	hang, to	*wayan ~ *waya
78	hear, to	*taq
79	heel	*’ososo		reduplicated stem
80	hello (greeting)	*haku
81	hole	*loq
82	hole, cave, den	*Si ~ *SiSV
83	homosexual, to be	*’aqi’
84	jimson weed	*mom’oy		from *moy
85	knee	*pVm’V
86	knife	*’iw
87	lie down, to	*toy’ ~ *ton’
88	liver	*c-al’a
89	look, to	*kuti ~ *kuti’
90	louse	*Seke
91	low tide	*qVw
92	many, much	*equ
93	meat, body	*’Vmin’
94	moist, to be	*so’
95	money; clam sp.	*’ala-qu-Cum ~ *’ana-qu-Cum		*Cum is the root
96	mosquito	*pewe(we)’
97	mother-in-law	*mVSV
98	mountain lion	*tVkem’
99	mouse	*qlo		plus reduplication
100	mouth	*’Vk
101	name	*ti
102	neck	*ni’
103	necklace	*el’
104	nerve	*pilhil
105	nest	*patV ~ *patV’
106	new, to be	*VmVn
107	now	*kipV(’)
108	oak spp.	*kuwu(’)
109	one-eyed, to be	*ta’
110	open, to	*kal
111	overcast, to be	*iqVmay
112	pelican	*sew
113	person	*ku
114	pet	*qo’
115	pick up, lift, raise	*lay
116	prickly pear	*qV’
117	quail	*takaka		onomatopoetic
118	rabbit/jackrabbit	*ma’; *kuni’
119	rain, to	*tuhuy ~ *tuy
120	red	*qupe
121	roadrunner	*pu’
122	rub, to	*muy
123	salt	*tepu(’) ~ *tipu(’)
124	save (rescue), to	*apay
125	seed	*’VmVn’
126	skunk	*tVqema
127	smoke	*tuwo’
128	snail, sea	*q’VmV’
129	speak, say, to	*’ipi(’)
130	split-stick rattle	*wanS-aq’a ~ *wacs-aq’a
131	spread open	*kek-an
132	squirrel, ground	*emet’ ~ *em’et’
133	steps	*tVyV-
134	stick to, to	*pey ~ *pey’
135	sticky, to be	*pilhiy
136	stone, rock	*qVpV
137	straight	*tyiyeme ?
138	swordfish	*’eleyewun’
139	tadpole	*qlo ~ *qyo		root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse)
140	tail	*telheq’
141	take off, to	*qe
142	tears	*tinik’
143	tongue	*’elhew’
144	tooth	*Sa
145	urinate, to	*Sol’
146	vomit	*paS(V)
147	walk, to	-
148	warm self, to	*mol
149	water	*’o’
150	whale	*paqat(V)
151	wood, tree, stick	*pono’
152	woodpecker	*pVlak’a(k’)
153	wrinkled	*Sok’		plus reduplication
154	yawn	*San		plus reduplication
155	yellow jacket	*ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’