Appendix:Proto-Daju reconstructions

The following list of Proto-Daju reconstructions is from Thelwall (1981: 132-162).

Since synchronic Daju languages display suppletion for plural forms, suppletive plurals have also been reconstructed for Proto-Daju.

Key

• WD: Western Daju branch reconstruction
• ED: Eastern Daju branch reconstruction

List

Gloss	Proto-Daju (singular and generic forms)	Proto-Daju (plural forms)
to be able	*-kidir-
allow	*waŋ-
animal	*oɣai
to answer	*leg-; *ləb-
ant	*men
ant	*ɲimuɣic	*ɲimug; *ɲimuɣu
antelope	*meɣem-(ne)	*meɣemu
anthill	*suude
arm	*ande	*asiɲ
finger	*pəɣ
ash	*usukuce
back	*oŋe	*oŋi; *oŋ-ta
bad	*tas
bark	*kaɓundice	*kaɓundu
basket	*laŋe	*laŋda
bat	*kəjoge
to bathe, wash	*ɗai-
to bear child	*oksiŋ; *kii-
bee	*təmoxe
honey	*təmoxiɲ
beer	*ɓuɣ
belly	WD *sime	ED *ɓileke
big	WD *kilaŋ
bird	*awade	*awadiɲ; *awadu; *awadta
to bite	*kas-
bitter	*təbak
black	*jʔul
blacksmith	ED *meded-
blind	WD *digine; *diguge	*ŋojʔoxe
blood	*tamuke
to blow	*us-
body	*wane	*wanəŋ
bone	*ŋai	*ŋayu
bow	*teg-	*tegu
boy	*cace
brain	*ɗuɣ (?)
to break	*ɗiŋ
breast	*-iɗice	*-iɗige
to breathe	*uŋ-
to bring	*koi-
brother	*piɣ-ɓo-
brown	WD *pus (?)
to build	*ɗVɲ- (?)
bull	*taŋanice
buffalo	*taŋanu
to burn	*tuɲ-
butterfly	*peɣ- (?)
to buy, sell	*ŋaɲ
to call, name	*ɓaŋ-
to carry	*ɓak(t)-
cat	*kubine	*kubi; *kubiŋ
charcoal	*culu
chicken	*ukuɣuke
chief	*ɓuge
chin	*lete	*letu
chin	WD *coboŋe
claw, nail	*ɓoroŋe	*ɓoroŋda
clay	*ɲuɣe	*ɲuɣu
clean	*ɗuɣ	*wara
to climb	*dek-
cloth	*kaT-	*tandu
cold	*kiɣkiɣ
to come	*ɓoŋ
to cook	*wun-
to cook	*ɓak(t)-
cotton	*ɲiɣi	*ɲiɣida
to cough	*oɣ-
to count	*ŋ-gand-
cow	*teɲe	*təke
crocodile (waral)	*kasubeke
crocodile (waral)	*ɓoloŋoɣ
crocodile (waral)	*ɓoŋoɣ
to cut	*coɣ; WD *waɲ-
to dace, play	*ɓuŋe
deaf	*əɣ(s)-
to die	*ɓo-
to hoe	WD *li-
to do, make	*sog-
dog	*iise	*iisu
donkey	*kacu	*kacu
dream	*minaŋe
to dress	*lag-
to drink	*wuɣ-
drum	*ɓal
dry	*ka-maas
dung	*ŋice
dust	*kur
ear	*wunute	*wunuge
earth	*usuke
to eat	*si-
egg	*wala
elbow	*ɓoloste	*ɓolosu
elephant	*tumose
eye	*aŋune	*aŋwe; *aŋun
face	*toce
to fall	*tel-
far	*tiɣaŋ
fast	*kaʀkaʀ
fat (n)	*m-wi-d
fat (adj)	*k-wi-r
to swell	*ɓiŋ-
father	*me
to fear	*ɲag-
field	*pəs
to fight	*pog-
to fight	*ɗis-
fire	*maas	*maasta; *mastiɲ
fish	*asice	*as
flower	*tudulusi
fly (n)	*aŋoɣe
to fly	*bak-
food	*sia
to forget	*ɗia-
frog	*ɓooɣ	*boŋoɲ
full	*kapəs
gazelle	*musune	*musunu
giraffe	*age	*agiɲ
to give	*tog-
to gnaw	*laɣ-
to go	*wed-
goat	*ais
god	*kalge
gourd	*satte	*sattu
gourd	*sikuluce
granary	*cur
grass	*ɲaɣke
grave	*moroge	*morogta
green	*lasiɣ
guinea fowl	*malase; *male	*malasu
gut	*kacalboce	*kacalboke
hair, feather	*apaɣtice	*apa(ɣ)
head	*ise	*isiɲ
heart	*kiŋgoɣse	*kiŋgoɣsiɲ
heavy	*tətəɣ
to help	*pos-
herd	*malle
to hide	*ɗaɲ- (to build (?))
hole	*aɣa
horn	*ya-
horse	*muɣta	*muɣtu
house	*aaɣe	*aɣu; *aɣta
hunger	*ka-ɣase
to kick	*dek
kidney	*puce
to kill	*pax-
to kindle	*toɣ-
knee	*simde
to know	*yuɣ-
lake	*luuk-
to laugh	*kuk-
to lay	*ɓak(t)-
leaf	*wunute-ewete	*wunuŋge-ewege
left hand	*ɲogole
leg, foot	*eɣe	*eɣiɲ; *eɣu
leopard	*kemese
to lick	*lax(t)
light (not heavy)	*pilbil
lion	*osoxe
liver	*muce	*muciɲ
to load	*ɗeg
locust	*kataɣwoce
long	*loi
louse	*tiŋgaɣice	*tiŋgaɣ
man	*ki-
male	*yo-	*yu
male	*p-abaŋe
many	WD *wei
to marry	*bak(t)
mat	*-apaɲ
meat	*iye
milk (n)	*memke
millet	*kuce	*kuɲ
millet porridge	*seɣ
monkey	*kelegele	*kelegelu
moon, month	*isimeɣe
mosquito	*mece	*meciɲ
mother	*ɓo
mountain	*ŋa-
stone mountain	*cabre	*cabrta
mouse	*ɲeŋəse
mouth	*ikke	*ikku
name	*ange	*angu
navel	WD *tombole	WD *tombolda
near	WD *ɲitəg
neck	*amice	*amita; *amu
throat	*ŋase	*ŋast-
new	WD *taj
night	*woŋe
nose	*mu-ne
to open	WD *gin-
ostrich	*tumune	*tumunu
other	WD *kerak
to pain	*ɓad-
palm	*koɣoce
path, road	*soge	*sogta
pestle	ED *kijʔis
pig	*ɓaɲa
place	*aude	*audta
to pull	WD *ɓai-
to push	*sajʔ-
rain, sky	*koɣa	*koɣiɲ
to rain	*kejʔ
rakuba	*toləg	*toləgu
to reach	*ɲjog-
red	*pir
right hand	ED *aɓaanic
river	*coloŋgo	*coloŋgu
root, vein	*miɣe	WD *pistice
rope	*sitte	*sittu
to rub	*ba-
saliva	*aluke
salt	*-kaluka
scorpion	WD *caŋga; ED *dən	WD *caŋgu; ED *dənu
to scratch	*goɣoɲ
to see	*oɣ
seed	*yu
sowing	*sibe
sesame	*kul	*kulu
to sew	*aɣ-
shadow	*ligide	*ligidta
sharp	*wii
sheep	*saga (?)	*saganu (?)
shoe	*kuɓa	*kuɓada
to shoot	*ɗab-
short	*tiliŋ
to shut	WD *den
to sing	*laŋ-
to sit	*uc-
skin	*mie	*midi
slave	*ciləɣe
to sleep	*səŋ(d)
day	*səŋge
slow	*məcede
to smash	*paxk-
to smell	*ŋoos-
smoke	*ləge
smooth	WD *pari-c; ED *siɣsiɣ (?)
snake	WD *koɣka; ED *dol	WD *koɣku; ED *dolu
to sneeze	WD *tis-
spear	*malase
to speak	*ŋad-
to talk	*leg-
to split	*ɗet-
to squeeze	*sik-
to squeeze	WD *mos-
to stab	*usi(t)-
to stad	*is-
star		*niɲ
to steal	*pil-; *gox-
to stop	*to-
to suck	*ɓan-
to suckle	*ɗe-
sun	*ɣoŋe
to swallow	*wad-
to sweep	*wor-
sweet	*tidi
to swim	WD *wa; ED *ɓa-
tall	*iibe	*iibu; *iibta
termite	*tondoce
thick	WD *timig	ED *tijʔax
thigh	*taxkice	*taxku
thin	*waɣ; *kaɓatale
thirst	*uxkute
this	*ma-
thorn	*kwinice	*kwinu
to tie	*ak(s)-
today	*-oɣo
tomorrow	WD *mugu
tongue	*ɲabire	*ɲabirta
tooth	*ɲiɣte	*ɲiɣke
tortoise	*-gox
tree	*ewete	*ewe
twin	*pidaxce; *pidu
to turn	*goloŋ
urine	*cuke
to vomit	WD *bik-	ED *jalag-
vulture	*winice	*winu
to wait	*ɓend-
warm, hot	*tapei
to watch	*mesk-
water	*ma-
well (n)	*goʀe	*golta
wet	*ɲidak
white	*papaʀ (?)
who	WD *mina
wind	*mege
woman	*wuɣe	*wuɣu
worm	*uxuce	*ux
year	*oso	*osot-
one	*no-
two	*pidax
three	*kodos
four	*tispet
five	*maduk
six	*aran
seven	*paɣtindi < *pag-t-ande
eight	*kosande < *kodos-ande
nine	*tabistanda < *tispet-t-ande
ten	*asiɲ
I	*ag
thou	*gi
he	*ma
she	*ce
we (incl.)	*kon
ye	*aŋgo
they	*sa