Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swartōną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *swartaz (“black”) +‎ *-ōną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈswɑr.tɔː.nɑ̃/

Verb

*swartōną

1. to make black, blacken

Inflection

Conjugation of *swartōną (weak class 2)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swartō	*swartǭ	—	*swartōi	?
2nd singular	*swartōsi	*swartōs	*swartō	*swartōsai	*swartōsau
3rd singular	*swartōþi	*swartō	*swartōþau	*swartōþai	*swartōþau
1st dual	*swartōs	*swartōw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*swartōþiz	*swartōþiz	*swartōþiz	—	—
1st plural	*swartōmaz	*swartōm	—	*swartōnþai	*swartōnþau
2nd plural	*swartōþ	*swartōþ	*swartōþ	*swartōnþai	*swartōnþau
3rd plural	*swartōnþi	*swartōn	*swartōnþau	*swartōnþai	*swartōnþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*swartōdǭ	*swartōdēdį̄
2nd singular	*swartōdēz	*swartōdēdīz
3rd singular	*swartōdē	*swartōdēdī
1st dual	*swartōdēdū	*swartōdēdīw
2nd dual	*swartōdēdudiz	*swartōdēdīdiz
1st plural	*swartōdēdum	*swartōdēdīm
2nd plural	*swartōdēdud	*swartōdēdīd
3rd plural	*swartōdēdun	*swartōdēdīn
	present	past
participles	*swartōndz	*swartōdaz

Related terms

• *swartijaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *swartōn
  • Old English: sweartian
    • Middle English: swarten
      • English: swart
  • Old Frisian: *swartia
    • West Frisian: swartsje
  • Old Saxon: *swartōn
    • Middle Low German: swarten
  • Old Dutch: *swarton
    • Middle Dutch: swarten
      • Dutch: zwarten
• Old Norse: svarta
  • Icelandic: svarta