Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/wakaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *weǵ- (“to be strong, be awake, be fresh, be cheerful”). Cognate with Latin vegeō (“be quick, be aroused, be alert”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈwɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*wakaną

1. to wake, be awake, arise

Inflection

Conjugation of *wakaną (strong class 6)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wakō	*wakaų	—	*wakai	?
2nd singular	*wakizi	*wakaiz	*wak	*wakazai	*wakaizau
3rd singular	*wakidi	*wakai	*wakadau	*wakadai	*wakaidau
1st dual	*wakōz	*wakaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*wakadiz	*wakaidiz	*wakadiz	—	—
1st plural	*wakamaz	*wakaim	—	*wakandai	*wakaindau
2nd plural	*wakid	*wakaid	*wakid	*wakandai	*wakaindau
3rd plural	*wakandi	*wakain	*wakandau	*wakandai	*wakaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*wōk	*wōkį̄
2nd singular	*wōht	*wōkīz
3rd singular	*wōk	*wōkī
1st dual	*wōkū	*wōkīw
2nd dual	*wōkudiz	*wōkīdiz
1st plural	*wōkum	*wōkīm
2nd plural	*wōkud	*wōkīd
3rd plural	*wōkun	*wōkīn
	present	past
participles	*wakandz	*wakanaz

Related terms

• *wakraz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *wakan
  • Old English: wacan
    • Middle English: waken
      • English: wake
      • Scots: wake
• Proto-Norse:
  • ⇒ Old Norse: vakinn (past participle only)
    • Icelandic: vakinn
    • Faroese: vakin
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: vaken
      • → Norwegian Bokmål: vaken
    • Elfdalian: watşin
    • Old Swedish: vakin, vaken
      • Swedish: vaken
    • Danish: vågen
      • Norwegian Bokmål: våken
• Gothic: 𐍅𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (wakan)

Further reading

• Seebold, Elmar (1970) “WAK-NA-”, in Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum. Series practica; 85) (in German), Paris, Den Haag: Mouton, →ISBN, page 535