Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European[edit]

Root[edit]

*gʷʰer-

warm, hot

Derived terms[edit]

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *gʷʰer-‎ (23 c, 0 e)

*gʷʰér-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Albanian: *džera, *džernja
  - Albanian: ziej, zie
- Proto-Celtic: *gʷereti
  - ⇒ Old Irish: fo·geir
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰérō
  - Ancient Greek: θέρω (thérō), θέρομαι (théromai)
*gʷʰr̥-néw-ti ~ *gʷʰr-n̥w-énti (nu-present)^[1]^[2]
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջեռնում (ǰeṙnum), ջեռանիմ (ǰeṙanim), ջեռիմ (ǰeṙim)
- Proto-Germanic: *brinnaną (perhaps via *gʷʰrn̥w- > *brunw- followed by reanalysis of the ablaut) (possibly) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥náwti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥náwti
    - Sanskrit: घृणोति (ghṛṇóti) (root घृ (ghṛ))^[3]
*gʷʰi-gʷʰér-ti ~ *gʷʰi-gʷʰr-énti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰʰigʰárti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́igʰárti
    - Sanskrit: जिघर्ति (jighárti)^[4]
*gʷʰe-gʷʰór-e ~ *gʷʰe-gʷʰr-ḗr (perfect)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garḗˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰor-éye-ti (causative)^[1]
*gʷʰr-éh₁-(ye)-ti (stative)^[1]
- Proto-Albanian: *grāja
  - Albanian: ngroh
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *grḗˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *grěti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰeréyō
  - Ancient Greek: θερέω (theréō)
*gʷʰér-os ~ *gʷʰér-es-os^[2]
*gʷʰér-mn̥ (the Latin and Germanic may alternatively be from *bʰer(H)- (“to boil, ferment”))
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջերմն (ǰermn, “heat; fever”)
    - Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *bermô (“yeast, barm”) (< *gʷʰér-mō) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Italic: *fermentom (< *gʷʰér-men-tom)
  - Latin: fermentum (“fermentation; yeast, ferment; fervor”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʷʰer-mó-s^[5]^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Albanian: *džerma
  - Albanian: zjarr, zjarm, ζηᾶρμ, (perhaps) zjarrë
- Proto-Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
    - Armenian: ջերմ (ǰerm)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷʰermós
  - Ancient Greek: θερμός (thermós)
    - Greek: θερμός (thermós)
- Phrygian: Γέρμη (Gérmē)^[7]
*gʷʰor-mó-s^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *garmas
  - Old Prussian: gorme (warm, heat), gormapada^[6]^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *warmaz (perhaps) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *formos
  - Latin: formus
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰarmás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰarmás
    - Sanskrit: घर्म (gharmá)^[8] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *garmáh
    - Central Iranian:
      - Avestan: 𐬔𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (gar^əma)
    - Northeastern Iranian:
      - Khotanese: [script needed] (garma-)
    - Western Iranian:
      - Northwestern Iranian:
        Northern Kurdish: germ
        
        Central Kurdish: گەرم (germ)
      - Southwestern Iranian:
        Persian: گرم (garm)
*gʷʰor-nó-s^[9]
- Proto-Celtic:
  - Old Irish: gorn
*gʷʰr̥-nó-s^[9]^[10]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gurnas
  - Proto-Slavic: *gъrnъ, *gъrno (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gʰr̥nás
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gʰr̥nás
    - Sanskrit: घृण (ghṛṇá)^[4] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ɣʷornos^[9]
  - Latin: furnus, fornus (see there for further descendants)

References[edit]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 219-220
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θέρομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 542-543
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0379.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 379.
^ Demiraj, B. (1997) “zjarm”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 429
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “formus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θερμός [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 541-542
^ Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 376.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fornus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gъrnъ / *gъrno”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 210

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 219-220

[Beekes-θέρος-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θέρομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 542-543

[MW-घृणोति-3] Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0379.

[MW-घृण-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 379.

[5] Demiraj, B. (1997) “zjarm”, in Albanische Etymologien: Untersuchungen zum albanischen Erbwortschatz [Albanian Etymologies: […]] (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 7)‎^[1] (in German), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, page 429

[De_Vaan_2008-formus-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “formus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235

[Beekes-θερμός-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “θερμός [m.]”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 541-542

[MW-घर्म-8] Monier Williams (1899) “Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 376.

[De_Vaan_2008-fornus-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “fornus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235

[10] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gъrnъ / *gъrno”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 210

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-

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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷʰer-

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