Appendix:Proto-Mumuye reconstructions
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The following list of Proto-Mumuye reconstructions is from Shimizu (1979). Zing Mumuye (the Mumuye dialect spoken in Zing town of Zing LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria) is also provided for comparison.
Both English and Hausa glosses are provided. Mumuye comparative data was elicited in Hausa.
List[edit]
| No. | English gloss | Hausa gloss | Proto-Mumuye | Zing Mumuye | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | arm | hannu | *na-V̀ | náá | |
| 2 | ash | toka | *pung, *pu-ng (-ti,-ku) | pung | |
| 3 | bark | ɓawo | *ko-ng | knoti | |
| 4 | belly | ciki | *ya-i/-o, *ya-ti (V-ri) | yato, yoto | |
| 5 | bird | tsuntsu | *ja-V + HT + -nung (-i ?) | zhé nùǹg | |
| 6 | blood | jini | *kpa-V̀; *zing, *zi-ng | kpaà | |
| 7 | bone | ƙashi | *ka (redup.), *kak-V | kaka | |
| 8 | breast | mama | *míǹ | míńg | |
| 9 | cloud | gajimare | *mi-V, *ɗapa zung yé | lapa zung yé, nyààsi | |
| 10 | dog | kare | *za-V, *zaa | zaa | |
| 11 | ear | kunne | *co-V, *coo | shoo | |
| 12 | earth | ƙasa | *típ-V̀ | típì | |
| 13 | egg | ƙwai | *angka | nwangka | |
| 14 | eye | ido | *nu-ng, *nung; *gí-ǹg | nung | |
| 15 | fat | kitse | *nu-ng, *nung | nung | |
| 16 | feather | gashin tsuntsu | *cèǹ-ti; *na-V̀ | shèǹti | |
| 17 | fire | wuta | *ya-V, *yaa | yaa | |
| 18 | fish | kifi | *ya-V + HT + zi(-)ng | zhé zing | |
| 19 | goat | akwiya | *jà-V̀, *jàà | zhàà | |
| 20 | hair (of head) | gashi (na kai) | *cèǹ-ti; *su-ng(-ti) | shèǹti | |
| 21 | head | kai | *yu-V, *yuu | yuu | |
| 22 | heart | zuciya | *sí-ǹg (redup.); *gu-ng; *ya-ti (-V-ri) | gbooti | |
| 23 | horn | ƙaho | *gé-V̀ | zhee | |
| 24 | knee | gwiwa | *gbù(-ng)-ti | gùti | |
| 25 | leaf | ganye | *ɓàl-V(-ng) | ɓâa | |
| 26 | leg | ƙafa | *dɔ-V, *dɔɔ | doo | |
| 27 | liver | hanta | *sí-ǹg ('heart'); *bùr-V; *ɓur-V | síńgsìǹg | |
| 28 | louse | kwarkwata | *rnè-V̀-ti, *rnèè-ti; *kpen; *gnumá-ǹg | rnèèti | |
| 29 | man | namiji | *ve + HT + rè | véyè | |
| 30 | market | kasuwa | *lumo (< Fula); *kàà-suwaa (< Hausa) | lumò | |
| 31(a) | meat | nama | *yɔp-V̀, *yɔ-pɔ̀ | wɔpɔ̀ | |
| 31(b) | flesh | naman | *sne-V; *yɔp-V̀ ('meat') | snee | |
| 32 | moon | wata | *cél-V̀/-à(-ǹg) | shélè | |
| 33 | mountain | babban dutse, duwatsu | *kɔ̀p-V̀, *kɔ̀-pɔ̀ | kɔ̀pɔ̀ | |
| 34 | mouth | baki | *nya-V(-ng), *nyaa | nyaa | |
| 35 | nail | farce | *sa(-V,-ng,-ri) | saari | |
| 36 | name | suna | *ríǹg, *rí-ǹg | ríńg | |
| 37 | neck | wuya | *tur-V, *tu-rV; *kɔr-V̀ | tuu | |
| 38 | night | dare | *zi-ng/-V | zii | |
| 39 | nose | hanci | *su-ng, *sung | sung | |
| 40 | path | hanya | *gbàl-V-ǹg; *do-ǹg; *nyo-ǹg | dnòrong | |
| 41 | person | mutun | *cɔ-ng + HT + ze-ng | shɔng, shɔng zeng | |
| 42 | rain | ruwan sama | *mi-V + HT + ɗapa | meé lapa | 'water' + 'sky' |
| 43 | root | saiwa | *dìǹg-ri, *dì-ǹg-ri ? | nyíńgri | |
| 44 | sand | yashi | *se-ng-li (ri,-ng) | sneli | |
| 45 | seed | iri | *ɗok-V̀; *zo-ng | lɔkɔ̀ | |
| 46 | skin | fata | *koo | koo | |
| 47 | sleep | (yi) barci | *(roo) no + HT + ro-ng | (roo) núrong | |
| 48 | smoke | hayaƙi | *zìǹg-ri(-ng), *zì-ǹg-ri(-ng) | zìǹgri | |
| 49 | star | tauraro | *sèǹ | seǹg | |
| 50 | stone | dutse | *tar-i(,-a), *ta-ri, *tari | tari | |
| 51 | sun | rana | *ɗà-V̀, *ɗàà | làà | |
| 52 | tail | wutsiya | *dèǹ | dèǹg | |
| 53 | tongue | harshe | *ɗè-V/ng-ti, *ɗè-V/-ng + HT + tì, *ɗèN + HT + tì | rèétè | |
| 54 | tooth | haƙori | *tná-li/-ri | tnári | |
| 55 | tree | itace | *la-V, *laa | laa | |
| 56 | water | ruwa | *mi-V, *mii, *min ? | mee | |
| 57 | woman | mace | *so + HT + rè | sóyè | |
| 58 | yam | doya | *ɗoo + tî; *zhen + HT + tî | lootí | |
| 59 | bite | ciza | *yɔn ?; *yii; *kon | yɔng | |
| 60 | burn | ƙone | *caa ('eat'); *ɓáá | shaa | |
| 61 | come | zo | *e | e | |
| 62 | die | mutu | *vo | vo | |
| 63 | drink | sha | *ɓoo | ɓoo | |
| 64 | eat | ci | *caa | shaa | |
| 65 | full | cika | *yii (si) | yii sé | |
| 66 | give | ba | *a | a | |
| 67 | hear | ji | *tnàà | tnàà | |
| 68 | kill | kashe | *nyoo; *nun ('beat') | nun vò | |
| 69 | know | sani | *zì ('see') | zò, zè | |
| 70 | lie down | kwanta | *roo | roo | |
| 71 | say | faɗa | *càǹ; *kòò | shàǹg, tɔ́ɔ́ | |
| 72 | see | gani | *zì | zò | |
| 73 | sit | zauna | *nwon ? | nwon | |
| 74 | stand up | tashi | *cii; *yuu | yu | |
| 75 | walk | yi tafiya | *daa; *ra; *kìǹ; *ya | kìǹg | |
| 76 | one | ɗaya | *gbét-ì; *gor-V́ | goró | |
| 77 | two | biyu | *zit-i, *zi-ti ? | zit | |
| 78 | three | uku | *tat-i | tat | |
| 79 | four | huɗu | *dnee-ti/rò(-ng), *dneet-i ? | dneerò | |
| 80 | five | biyar | *màáń-i | mààń | |
| 81 | ten | goma | *kop-i | kop | |
| 82 | twenty | ishirin | *bmàt-i | bmàát | |
| 83 | forty | arba'in | *la-V ('tree') + zit-i ('two'); *kpa-ǹg + zit-i ('two') | laa zit | |
| 84 | I | ni | *mì + HT + kò | mí-kò | |
| 85 | thou | kai | *mɔ̀ + HT + kò | mɔ́-kò | |
| 86 | he/she | shi | *wu + HT + kò | wú-kò | |
| 87 | we | mu | *rù + HT + kò | wó-kò | |
| 88 | you | ku | *nò + HT + kò | nó-kò | |
| 89 | they | su | *ri + HT + kò | yí-kò | |
| 90 | all | duka | *pítí; *wàli | wàli kang, piti | |
| 91 | big | babba | *bang; *bɔ̀rɔ̀ | bɔ̀rɔ̀ | |
| 92 | black | baƙi | *vi-ri | vii | |
| 93 | cold | mai sanyi | *tnàà-ri; *zangzang; *vol-i; *bàà | znazna | |
| 94 | dry | busasshe | *waa-ti | waa-ti | |
| 95 | good | mai kyau | *tnòò (hum) | líí, tnòò hung | |
| 96 | hot | mai zafi | *nwaa ('be boiling'); *song ? | nwaa, ɓalaɓa | |
| 97 | long | dogo | *bíì; *ràǹg | bɔ̀rɔ̀, tàǹgtàǹg | |
| 98 | many | da yawa | *baam; *doolì; *vméé ni | vméé ni | ni 'infinitive marker' |
| 99 | new | sabo | *pol-i/-V-ng; *so-V, *soo | polo | |
| 100 | not | ba ... ba | *ɓa; *kpang | ɓa NP ɓa, VP ɓa | |
| 101 | red | ja | *rnaa; *nweng; *bme (redup.) | rnaa | |
| 102 | round | kewayayye | *len sí; *gin; *gu | len sé, guu | |
| 103 | small | ƙarami | *wú dɔ̀ɔ̀t; *tókolong; *petel (< Fula); *ja-V ('child') | wɔ́ dɔ̀ɔ̀t | |
| 104 | that | wancan | *wa-V̀; *ɓá-V̀ | wàá | |
| 105 | this | wannan | *mí-V̀; *ɓé-V̀ | ḿ | |
| 106 | what | me | *vi | vi | |
| 107 | white | fari | *pu-rV, *pur-V ? | puru | |
| 108 | who | wa | *wu | wo | |
| 109 | imperative marker | *ta | ta | ||
| 110 | infinitive marker | *na, *ni | ni |
References[edit]
- Shimizu, Kiyoshi (1979). A Comparative Study of the Mumuye Dialects (Nigeria). Marburger Studien zur Afrika- und Asienkunde. A-14. Berlin: Verlag von Dietrich Reimer.