Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/m-sin

This Proto-Sino-Tibetan entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan

Etymology

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *msyin (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *m-sin (Matisoff, STEDT; Benedict, 1972; Chou, 1972; French, 1983; Weidert, 1987; LaPolla, 1987); *m-sin (*B) (Coblin, 1986)

Root

*m-sin

1. liver
2. bitter
3. bile

Descendants

• Old Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /*sin/ (B-S), /*siŋ/ (ZS) ("pungent (in taste)")
  • Middle Chinese: 辛 (xīn) /siɪn/

**:

→ Japanese: 辛 (しん, ​shin)
Korean: 신 (辛, sin)
Vietnamese: tân (辛)

• • • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 辛 (xīn) (xīn, /ɕin⁵⁵/)
• Kamarupan
  • Kuki-Chin

    /*thin/ (VanBik, 2009)

    • Northern Chin
      • Tedim: sʻɪn⁴
      • Sizang chin
    • Central Chin
      • Lushai [Mizo]: thin (“liver; heart”)
      • Lai: thǐn
      • Falam Chin: tʻɪn⁴
    • Southern Chin
      • Chinbon Chin: m̩tʰiːn
      • Daai Chin: m̩tʰin
      • Nga La: n̩tʰin
    • Maraic
      • Zotung Chin: tʻĩ¹
  • Naga
    • Central Naga:
      • Ao: məsən
      • Lotha Naga: nthen
      • Sangtam: müsi
    • Western Naga (Zemeic):
      • Zeme: ³mi ¹n ⁵ceu
      • Rongmei: məi thìn
    • Tangkhulic
      • Tangkhul: amathin
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: མཆིན (mchin, “liver”), མཆིན་པ (mchin pa, “liver; midriff, diaphragm”)
    • Western Himalayish
      • Bunan: chinpa
      • Chaudangsi: tɕiŋ
      • Kanauri: śin
      • Rongpo: chinpa
    • Tamangish
      • Manang: cin² ba²
  • Newar
    • Newar: sẽ
  • Kham-Magar-Chepang
    • Chepang: sinʱ
    • Kham: 'sen
• Tangut-Qiang
  • Tangut: 𗮰 (*sji²)
  • Qiangic
    • Ersu: ntshɑ⁵⁵
    • Pumi
      • Northern Pumi: tsu³⁵
      • Southern Pumi: tsyɛ̃⁵⁵
    • Qiang
      • Northern Qiang: si
      • Southern Qiang: sie⁵⁵
    • Queyu: ze¹³
    • Zhaba sei³³
    • Naic
      • Namuyi: si⁵⁵
      • Shixing: suə̃⁵⁵
      • Naxi: serl
    • Gyalrong
      • Japhug: tɯ-mtshi
• Nungic
  • Anong: bɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
  • Drung: pɯ³¹ ɕin⁵⁵
  • Rawang: mə ʃɯn³³
• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho [Kachin]: sin (“liver”), masin (“heart, mind”)
  • Asakian
    • Sak: áŋsiŋ
    • Ganan: ăsʻɛ̃¹
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese

    *sin¹ ⪤ tsin¹ (Matisoff, 2003)

    • Burmish
      • Burmese: သည်း (sany:, “liver”) (> အသည်း (a.sany:, “liver”))
      • Achang: a³¹ ʂəŋ³¹
      • Pela: saŋ³⁵
      • Hpon: ăʃaìŋ
      • Zaiwa: siŋ²¹
      • Lhao Vo: sang
    • Loloish

      /*(ʃ)-sin²/ (Bradley, 1979)

      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꌌ (sip, “liver”)
        • Xishanba Lalo: sì-tsé
        • Nasu: sɿ⁵⁵
        • Wumeng: ʂer²¹
        • Nusu: sʰɐ⁵⁵
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu (Southern): ꓢꓲꓽ (sɨ̀, “liver”), sometimes also ꓫꓵꓽ (ʃɨ̀, “liver”)
        • Lipo: sɿ²¹ tha²¹
        • Sani: sé
        • Jinuo: tsʰɯ³¹ na³¹
        • Kucong: a³¹ sɔ³⁵
        • Lahu: ɔ³¹ sɛ³¹
        • Lisu: si³¹
      • Southern Loloish
        • Bisu: aŋ tshiŋ
        • Hani: tshɔ³¹
        • Mpi: ʔɑ² thɯ²
        • Phunoi: ʔã́ sìn
        • Pyen: ʔa³³ chin³¹
        • Gong: ho̩ŋ sɤ̩́ŋ
      • Southeastern Loloish
        • Azha: i³³ sɛ²²
        • Southern Muji: ɛ²¹ χa⁵⁵ ʨʰi²¹
• Proto-Karen: *swɨnᴮ (Luangthongkum, 2013)
  • S'gaw Karen: သူၣ် (thoò, “liver”)
  • Western Kayah: ꤞꤣ꤭ (thōe, “liver”)
  • Northern Pwo: sɑ̃³³
  • Eastern Pwo: ə̆ θə̃¹
  • Western Pwo: ə̆ θə̃⁴

See also

• *b-ka-(n/m/ŋ) (“liver, bile, bitter”)