Appendix:Proto-Wintun reconstructions

Proto-Wintun reconstructions:

Shepherd (2006)

Gloss	Proto-Wintun
a while	*yol
acorn	*ʔi(·)
acorn sp.	*hu
acorn sp.: black oak	*ham ?, *pene(·)l
acorn sp.: white oak	*yok...l-
acorn bread	*sa·w
acorn meal	*daq
acorn soup	*yiwit
acorns: shelled and dried	*λ’ił-
action with fire	*bay
adolescent girl	*lo·y-
afraid, have fear	*k’ilap-ʔa
after that	*ʔut’a
agentive	*-to ?
ahead (of), before, first	*tu
air, blow	*x̣os-a ?
alder	*qalaw
alienable possessive, third person singular pronouns and kinterms	*-t-n
alike	*ne·r
alone	*ney, *hom
already, old, long ago, former, past demonstrative	*ho-
andative auxiliary, go	*har-a·
angelica	*dum
animate comitative	*-wil
ankle	*haqa
ant	*t’edVq
apply light pressure with hand	*λ’itq-
apply sharp pointed object	*λ’ut
approach	*čuk-a
arched ?, crooked ?, bent	*k’uwi(·)l
arm	*q’ede
arm, shoulder	*sala
armpit	*q’an
arrange clumped material ?	*bam
arrive	*hen
arrow	*no-, *doqo
ash tree	*ʔirik
ashes, dust	*pʰuk
ask	*t’ihi·t-u
ask to accompany	*xew
autumn	*qʰaydani
away	*qʰal, *qʰan
awl	*č’up
baby, child, small	*ʔilay
back of, behind something	*yel
bad	*duq-ʔa, *č’ep-
badger	*soč- ?
bake	*ma·ł-a
band-tailed pigeon	*xo-...wi-
bank of rock or soil	*hel
bare the teeth	*λ’ey-e
bark (of tree)	*qoq, *qʰapla
bark (verb)	*noł
barn owl	*si·k
barren	*walu
base	*yay
basket root	*se·k, *kuhum
basket sticks from willow	*ton
basket types	*xok, *k’op-i, *kaw, *k’olom, *tos
bat	*dehe·la ?
bathe	*qop
be, lie	*bey
be, sit	*boh
be, do, use (non-distal ?)	*ʔiy
be, do (distal)	*ʔu
bear (black)	*č’il
beard, whiskers (particularly of fish)	*qʰep
bee-like sound	*łon
beetle sp.	*toqo ?
before, ahead, first	*tu
beg ? promise ?	*duq
behind, back of	*yel
belch	*qer-e·
belt	*tir-i
bend	*qʰud, *moy, *kuk
benefactive	*-pa ?
bent (crooked ? arched ?)	*k’uwi(·)l
berry sp.	*tʰah
bet	*dam
big one(s)	*qom ?
bird sp. (small)	*č’ereCč’ereC ?
bite	*ʔey
bitter	*ʔa·q-ʔa
black	*č’il-, *sil
black bear	*č’il
black oak acorn	*pene(·)l, *ham ?
blackberry	*ʔim(il)
blanket	*puq-
blanket, cover	*sul
blood	*sa·q
blow (of person, not the wind)	*pʰu(·)ł
blow, air	*x̣os-a ?
blow the nose	*łiniq
blows to the head	*čił-a
bluebird, Western	*č’ow
boat	*nuh
bobbing movement (slow?)	*hoy(..)oq
bobcat	*p’a..l..m-
body, whole	*tʰu(·)n
body hair ?	*seke·
body joint	*ʔanaq
boil	*pʰ̟ot-u, *posolo
bone	*paq
bone awl	*č’up
borrow	*q’oł
brace	*k’ok
break	*k’ep, *λ’ab
break up surface	*tʰoł-i/u
break with fingers	*q’op-a
breast, milk	*ʔimit
breathe	*pʰu(·)r-u
bring inanimate, animate	*wer
bring	*hen-me
brother: older	*labe-
brother: younger	*ley
brother-in-law	*łe-·n
bubble	*łob
buckeye	*yono ?
buckskin, hide	*qo(·)la
bulb sp.	*λ’erew
bulrush, tule	*λ’op
bump	*tʰał-, *daq
burn	*čʰo·l, *čʰo·r
burn bare	*bil
burrowing owl	*wik
bush sp.	*č’ulaq
butterfly, poppy	*bo·lbolVq
buzzard	*hu·s
calf	*č’ur ?, *čʰi·r
California condor	*mo·loq
call someone	*čʰiy-a
cane	*t’u-
cap-shaped	*bis
careful ?, reluctant ?	hinu·-
carry	*du-
carve	*qʰer
cattail, flat tule	*pa·tpat
causative	*-ma
cave in	*hul, *łim-a
charcoal	*q’al-i ?
chest, lungs	*k’eba
chew	*č’ok-i/u, *t’a-
chief	*se·qtu
child	*ku-, *teh, *ʔilay, *łe
child’s spouse, spouse’s parent, in-law one generation removed	*t’e(·)s
chin, jaw	*q’aba
chipmunk	*čʰiqčʰiq- ?
choke on	*qʰaw-a
choose	*p’ił-e
chop	*k’op
cicada	*yoryor, *holol-č’V·r/d-
clap	*pʰoq
claw(s), nail(s)	*k’ahay
clean	*le·t ?
clear	*čał-a
clench, stiff ?	*k’on
climb, step	*dek
close eyes	*č’im
close sides	*wol
clothe, clothes	*t’ał-a
cloud	*q’a- ?
clover, grass	*len
clover sp.	*tapl-
coat (verb), coating	*wil
cocoon rattle	*sokok
collect	*č’ap
come	*wer
comitative (animate)	*-wil
comitative (inanimate)	*-m
completive	*-k
continuative	*-V(·)r
Cooper’s or marsh hawk ?, hawk sp.	*k’ililuk
copulate	*sir-i
core, heart	*č’idik
cough	*q’uh-i/u
cover	*mit, *łaq-a
coyote	*sede
crack open	*tʰeł, *k’ab
crane	*wok
crawl	*las-a
crawl in, go in	*ʔał-a
crawling (like a snake), slithering (creature)	*pʰil-i
crazy, unpleasant emotion	*ho·n
cricket	*ler, *č’ur
crooked ?, arched ?, bent	*k’uwi(·)l
cross (meet), emerge, sprout	*tep-i/u
cross-sibling	*soh
crosswise, twice	*ser
crow	*ʔa·l, *qa·q
crush	*pał
cry	*wač-i/u
cup-type basket	*k’olom
cut	*qʰed-, *qʰič-a/i/u
cut notches	*dop-u
cut off, slice	*qʰop-u
cut with sharp edge, cut long objects	*pʰil-i
cut with swinging motion, slice	*hil
cylinder	*lul
dam, weir	*paq-i
dance	*čʰono
dance house	*łu·t
dance types	*hesi ?, *to·to ?
dark	*pur-i
day, daytime	*san-i
deer, venison	*no·p
defecate	*č’en-a·
definite duration auxiliary	*boh
deictic (optative meaning?)	*kʰe
demonstrative and quasi-pronominal third person proximal root	*ʔe-
demonstrative and quasi-pronominal third person root	*pi-, *pu-
demonstrative-interrogative root	*he
desolate	*yo·w
dew	*pʰon
dice	*tel
different, other, away	*qʰal
dig ? pick up ?	*hap-a
digging stick	*sen
dip	*q’ep-, *qum, *dum
direct to, send after	*yor
directional locative suffix	*-ti
dirt (earth)	*q’i(·)r, *q’ilaq
dirty	*q’o(·)t-ʔa
dislike	*qʰur
distribute liquid substance	*č’ir-i
dive	*nup-u
dizzy	*x̣ah
do fast, be fast	*witil(-ʔa)
do, be, use (non-distal ?)	*ʔiy
do, be (distal)	*ʔu
doctor, poison	*yom
dog	*suku
dome shape (hard)	*qʰolo
doorway, entrance	*pes
dove (mourning)	*puluq
down	*kʰen
drag	*qir
dragonfly	*t’oli
dream	*yečew
drill	*sič-i/u
drink	*bol-a, *tetʰ-i/u
drink/eat acorn mush	*łup-e/u
drown	*t’uk-u
drum	*tiCe·
dry	*qʰon
dry (spread to)	*ye-
dry and stiff	*č’oq
dual	*-pel
dubitative, subjunctive	*-m
dull	*q’i·l
dull (of senses)	*λ’ik
dump (granulated solids?)	*tʰak-čʰ-i
ear	*ma·t
earth	*q’ilaq, *wilaq, *q’i(·)r
east	*puy
eat	*ba·
eat/drink acorn mush	*łup-e/u
eat with someone	*tʰil-ʔa
embers	*xiw
emerge, sprout, cross (meet)	*tep-i/u
end point	*wan
enemy	*yuken
entrance, doorway	*pes
esophagus, throat	*peru·
exclamative	*ʔay, *yo·
exhaust, wear out	*łet
eye	*tum
eyelashes	*tum
fade away	*lim
fall	*łah, *dil-i, *t’al-a
fan, wave, gesture	*liw
far, travel	*kel-
fart	*xed-i/u
fast (be, do)	*witil(-ʔa)
fat	*hu·m
father	*tah, *ta-(·)n
fear	*čʰiri·k-, *k’ilap-ʔa
fear a loss, suspect	*ha·q-a
feast	*daw
feather	*k’alaq
feathers	*pʰit
feces	*č’en-i
feed	*ba·
fight	*łik-u-p’ur-i
fill	*par
fill with liquid	*ʔu·m
finger, hand	*sem
finger (verb)	*t’ul
finish	*λ’aq
finish off, gone	*ker-u
fire	*pʰo·
fire, to light a	*č’ay-a
first person pronominal root	*ne-
first person subject	*-da
first, before, ahead	*tu
fish sp.	*čʰi·r
fishbone	*č’us
fisher ?	*łom
fit	*λ’ap-u ?
fix up, straighten up	*moq
flabby	*law
flame	*qul
flame, lightning	*wal-u
flat	*dal
flea	*k’ok’o
flint, arrow, knife, obsidian	*doqo
float	*pʰo-
flow	*č’oł- ?
flowers	*k’ala(·)l, *lul
fly (verb)	*win
fly, go up	*tewe
flying squirrel ?	*q’an-łala ?
foam	*łos
fog	*t’umi
fog, steam	*qʰos
foliage, leaves	*sala
follow, track	*may-a·
food	*ba·
foot	*may
forehead	*xin, *tey
forget	*q’id-u
former, old, already, long ago, past demonstrative	*ho
fox	*ha·w
frog	*wataq
front	*daw
frost	*kik-i
full	*hur, *par
gall	*sili
gap	*kalay
gather, gathering basket	*ʔo·n
gathering	*ya·pay
genitive case	*-n ?
genitive case	*-r
gesture, fan, wave	*liw
get, own, have	*ke-
gig, spear	*łew ?
girl	*lo·y-, *p’ukuy
give	*doy-i/u
glare, reflect	*ʔilʔil
glide by	*leh
go	*har-a·
go in, crawl in	*ʔał-a
go out, pour out slowly	*p’e·l ?
go up, fly	*tewe
going to, intentional future	*-le
gone, finish off	*ker-u
good	*čal-a
goose sp.	*laq
grab a handful	*q’or
grandchild	*čʰa(·)y
grandfather	*ʔapan
grandmother	*ʔaman
grapevine	*łoy...m
grasp in one or both hands	*pʰem ?
grass (dry?)	*λ’aqa
grass, green	*č’aro·q(-i)
gray hair	*čʰa·hay
great horned owl	*kudu·
green, grass	*č’aro·q(-i)
green heron	*qa-
grind	*qor-i/u
grind, sharpen by filing	*lor
grizzly ?	*kuku
ground	*po·m
ground, dirt (earth)	*q’i(·)r
ground squirrel	*λ’et
growl	*qʰor
grunt, pant	*x̣oh
guts, intestines	*pot
hail	*k’il
hair (facial or animal)	*č’ekey
hair: pubic, body hair	*seke·
hand, finger	*sem
hang	*low, *č’aq-a·
happy	*lom, *doq-
hard, to be	*paq
hard dome shape	*qʰolo
hat	*tʰak
haunt	*holow
have	*-ʔa
have, own, get	*ke
hawk sp.: Cooper’s or marsh hawk ?	*k’ililuk
hawk sp.: red-tailed ?	*čeqčeq
hawk sp.: Swainson’s ?	*lik-
hawk or falcon sp.	*qačit
head	*pʰoyoq
headband	*kip-
hear	*mut-u
heart	*pʰur-u
heart, core	*č’idik
heavy	*yiłma
help	*her
hemp, milkweed	*pʰe·ł
here, toward self	*xun
heron: great blue	*wok
heron: green	*qa-
hiccough	*q’eq-a ?
hide, buckskin	*qo(·)la
hill	*bul-i
hip, thighs	*somVk
hit	*čʰep
hold in hand	*sat
hold pectorally	*ʔimit
hole	*holoq
holler	*nił-u
home	*woq
hooked strap, strap with hook	*lak-o/u
horn	*k’il-i
hortative, let	*-di
hot	*pil-a·
hot rock ?	*k’iw
house	*qewel
hull	*č’iw
human classifier ?	*-ta
hungry, starve	*per-i/u
hurt	*ʔal-
hurt, sick, want	*koy-i/u
husband, man	*wiy
impaired vision	*qʰas-i·l-ʔa
imperative or irrealis stem-deriving suffix	*-u
in horizontally	*ʔel, *-e·l
in-laws	*win
in-law one generation removed, spouse’s parent, child’s spouse	*t’e(·)s
inclined, prone	*qoh
inclusive person pronominal root	*p’e-
indefinite duration auxiliary	*bey
indent	*bit
indistinct color ?	*qaq
inhale	*su(·)t
insect sp. (buzzing)	*homo·-
insert long things, poke, stick into	*λ’op
intense visual perception	*k’al
intensive verb-derivational suffix	*-h
intentional future, going to	*-le
intestines, guts	*pot
irrealis stem-deriving suffix, imperative	*-u
itch, scratch	*ʔod-i/u
iterative	*-V·y
jackrabbit	*k’el
jaw, chin	*q’aba
join, perimeter	*kol
joined, added on to perimeter	*kol-i
joined, pronged	*non
jump	*puč-
juniper	*mon
keep	*boh
kick	*č’on
kill	*λ’o·m-u
kill deer	*tiwi·t
kingfisher	*t’arara ?
kingsnake	*handop-
kinterm absolutive suffix	*-(·)n
kinterm locative case	*-t-in ?
kinterm plural (or human plural)	*-ba
kinterm prefix	*n(i)-
knee	*ʔanaq
knife, arrow, flint, obsidian	*doqo
knot (tie a)	*p’olo·q
know	*t’i-
lack of color	*tal
larynx	*qʰor
last, yester-	*le·n
late	*ʔolhen
leaf	*dala
lean against	*tʰoq-čʰ-i/u
lean meat?	*čʰi·r
leave	*yal-i/u
leaves, foliage	*sala
left, left hand	*tʰaw
leg	*yir ?
legs apart	*kan ?
lest, might, may	*-kʰen
let, hortative	*-di
let’s	*-e·
lick	*nal
lie, be	*bey
lie prone	*xoy
lie, tell a lie	*bal-ʔa
light	*say-i/u, *tek
light (source ?)	*sa-
light a fire	*č’ay-a
light in weight	*hosop
lightning, flame	*wal-u
liquid spreads	*tʰel-a·
liquid (thick)	*t’ot
liver	*kʰila
lizard sp.: Western fence lizard	*č’iwil
locative, toward, in (horizontally ?)	*-e·l
locative case	*-in
log	*waqu· ?
long ago, already, old, former, past demonstrative	*ho-
loose	*hoł ?
loose, thin	*łupuq
loosen by scratching	*k’eb-i/u
lose, miss	*yo(·)w
louse	*pʰer-
lungs	*qʰoso
lungs, chest	*k’eba
magpie	*ʔatʔat
make	*lel-a/i/u, *mal-i/u
make sparks	*t’ip
man	*wi·-ta
man, husband	*wiy
manzanita berries	*bolo
maple	*say
mash	*pʰit
may it be	*wile
may, might, lest	*-kʰen
meadowlark	*yok
mediopassive	*-čʰ
meet	*hen-pa ?
mental clouding	*q’a(·)q
mesh	*k’at ?
middle, center	*wenem
might, may, lest	*-kʰen
milk, breast	*ʔimit
milkweed	*boq
milkweed, wild hemp	*pʰe·ł
minnow	*qʰili
miss	*man-a·
miss, lose	*yo(·)w
moldy, muddy	*q’un
mollusk shell	*łono(·)q
morning star	*č’at-u
mortar	*t’ubuq ?
mortar basket	*kaw
mosquito	*čosaq
mother	*neh, *na, *ne-·n
motion back and forth	*her-u
mountain	*čʰoł
mountain lion	*pate
mountain quail	*čʰolčʰol
mourning dove	*puluq
mouse, rat	*č’ube
mouth	*qo(·)l
mouth open	*waw
move	*moroq
move away	*yo·
move (fast ? repetitive ?)	*kʰod-
move in a direction, move toward	*k’o-
move inclined toward	*k’od-i/u
move hips ?	*wik
move light-weight things	*sid
move stones	*k’ap
mud	*k’a·
muddy, moldy	*q’un
mushroom sp.	*t’ara, *made ?
mussel, fresh-water	*č’ayi
nail(s), claw(s)	*k’ahay
name, real, really	*yet
nape of neck ?	*toq ?
narrow-waisted	*č’idok
navel	*naq
near	*čok-i
neck	*dok
nest	*sunu
net	*koro, *čʰaq, *t’uy-čʰ-i
new, now	*po·
nipple	*p’ur-i
nit	*č’ubi
no, not	*ʔelew
nod	*wuk
nominalizer	*-s
nominalizing and neutral mode stem-deriving suffix	*-i
non-visual sensorial evidential	*mut-her
north	*way
nose	*sono
not, no	*ʔele-w
nothing (be)	*min-a
now, new	*po·
objective case	*-ma
objective case suffix for kinterms and pronouns	*-t
obsidian, knife, arrow, flint	*doqo
old, already, long ago, former, past demonstrative	*ho-
old man	*k’iy
old woman	*p’ot
older brother	*labe-
older woman	*q’aya
one	*k’ete·t
open by scratching or scraping	*xeb
open mouth	*waw
optative ?, deictic	*kʰe
oriole	*sapasapa
oscillate, vibrate	*lew
other, away, different	*qʰal
other ?	*ʔut
out(side)	*pat
owl sp.: great horned	*kudu·
owl sp.: barn owl	*si·k
owl sp.: burrowing	*wik
owl sp.	*hi·n
own, have, get	*ke-
pack	*sew
pack tight	*bam
paddle	*qʰawa ?
paired objects, suffix marking	*-ma
pale	*sa·l
palm	*t’eqel
pant, grunt	*x̣oh
parch	*ła·r
passive	*-her
past demonstrative, old, already, long ago, former	*ho-
pay	*ʔeł
peel off	*č’ub
pendant	*yaw
penis	*kul-
people	*win
people, person	*-tu(·)
people of, village	*xerel
peppergrass	*yodo ?
perforate	*qʰes
perimeter, join	*kol
person	*win
person, people	*-tu(·)
pestle	*tʰulu ?
pestle?, wood ?	*č’us
pet	*ʔom
physical injury	*p’od
pick one at a time	*tey
pick small things one by one	*x̣ad
pick up ?, dig ?	*hap-a
pierce through	*λ’er
pigeon: band-tailed	*xo-...wi-
pike	*k’uw-
pinch	*t’or
pine	*t’uw
pine sp.	*sak
pitch, resin	*čʰek-i
place a sling	*lom-u
plant sp.	*łaqa, *qʰala
plant sp.: low-growing	*baq
plant sp.: soft, round	*łubuq
play	*łaqal
point	*lolo·q-i/u
poison, doctor	*yom
poison oak	*p’oqʰom
poke, stick into, insert long things	*λ’op
pole	*topolish, *sik
pond	*kopol
poorwill	*qo·ltep
pop	*p’oq ?
poppy, butterfly	*bo·lbolVq
porcupine, star	*łara·q ?
potato	*ʔel-i
potato sp.	*p’ołoy
pound	*t’aq-i/u, *p’aq
pound with flat surface	*pʰet
pour, spill	*č’u·l-i/u
pour out slowly, go out	*p’e·l ?
pour solids	*t’ik-i/u
press	*pʰat-a
press tight	*č’it
promise ? beg ?	*duq
prone, inclined	*qoh
pronged, joined	*non
pronominal plural	*-le
protruberance	*λ’or-
protrude, swell	*pʰo-
protrusion	*bul
pubic hair	*seke·
pull	*wik, *qir
pull off	*sob-čʰ -u-
pull or throw up	*kip
pull out	*tʰup-u ?
pus, full of pus	*buq
put long object around	*dol
put on a hat	*tʰak
put up	*łom-i/u
quotative root	*ʔu
raccoon	*čʰika
rainbow	*sa·q-k’ur- ?
raise	*hok
rake (toward self ?)	*qar-čʰ-
rat, mouse	*č’ube
rattle	*λ’ał
rattle (cocoon)	*sokok
rattle (rustle ?)	*wasasa
raven	*qaq
real, really, name	*yet
realis stem-deriving suffix	*-a, *-e
reciprocal	*p’ur-i
red	*tede
red paint	*q’oba
red-shafted yellowhammer (flicker)	*č’i-
referential	*qa
reflect	*ʔilʔil
reflexive	*-na
relational nominal suffix	*-da
relational locative	*naq
relatives	*win
reluctant ?, careful ?	*hinu·-
remain	*hor-i/u
remove from body	*λ’uq
resin, pitch	*čʰek-i
ribs	*k’uril
ridge	*luyuq
right hand	*čal-
ringing sound	*tiltil
rip	*čel-
rip in half	*yeb
ripe	*noq-i/u
roadrunner	*tolto- ?
roar, rumble	*kim-u·r
roast	*λ’ir
robe	*naw
robin	*wisbo- ?
rock	*son
rock (small, round), stone	*t’uduy
rodent sp.	*k’ay
roe	*pu·p
roll	*dir, *dibił, *hol ?
roll, run continuously	*kip(-Vl)
root, especially basket root	*se·k
rope	*č’e·k
rot	*yulyul
rotten smell, stink	*łal-a
rough skin	*č’i·k
rub	*lir, *dih ?
rumble, roar	*kim-u·r
run continuously, roll	*kip(-Vl)
rustle ?, rattle	*wasasa
sack	*qʰam
salmon	*nur
salt	*we(·)ł
sand	*č’er-i, *tʰapa
save	*huy
save for	*laq
scare someone	*čiri·k-u-ma
scorpion	*taqa·taqa
scrabble	*los
scrape	*k’ar-a, *qʰer
scrape, scratch	*č’eb-a·
scratch	*k’or
scratch, scrape	*č’eb-a·
scratch body, itch	*ʔod-i/u
screech owl	*k’opus
scrub jay	*č’ayi(·)k
seal (close)	*t’uy
search for	*tiw
second person pronominal root	*ma-
see	*win
seed	*k’ul, *moy
seed plant sp.	*k’is, *q’oł ?, *payi·ł
seek luck	*qʰos-u
seep out	*p’ur-u
send	*yi·l-a
send after, direct to	*yor
sensory input decreasing ?	*λ’ik
separate into strands or slices	*k’ih
sew	*hur-u
shadow, spirit after leaving body	*łes
shake	*kepkep
shake, wake up	*yuq-čʰ-
shame	*kay-i/u
sharp (to be)	*t’op
sharp implement	*k’ir
sharp point; to sprout	*č’up
sharpen by filing, grind	*lor
shave	*q er h
shell (empty?)	*λ’al
shell (verb)	*k’ab
shell of mollusk	*łono(·)q
shelled and dried acorns	*λ’ił-
shimmer	*ʔib
shin	*lur
shine	*til
shoe	*t’amu·
short version of	*molo
shoulder, arm	*sala
shrub sp.	*sow
sick, hurt, want	*koy-i/u
side	*sel
sift	*č’iq
sinew, tendon	*law
single thing or individual emerges	*tʰuq
sister	*lay
sit	*ła·
sit, be	*boh
six	*ser-panoł
skin	*la·s, *qoq
skin (verb)	*p’ir-čʰ-u
skin peels off	*č’ob
skull	*qoq- ?
skunk (striped)	*qʰo·
skunkberries, sumac berries	*pʰintus
slap	*t’aq
sleep	*xin-a
slice	*t’eč-a
slice, cut with swinging motion	*hil
slice, cut off	*qʰop-u
slide	*suy-u
sling	*lom-u
sling (tie a)	*łar-čʰ-u
slip	*sil
slit/split two halves	*t’ač
slithering (creature), crawling (like a snake)	*pʰil-i
slurp	*łupu·q-i/u
small, child	*kusmall, child, baby, *ʔilay
small (intensive ?)	*ʔin
smell	*sub-u
smell rotten, stink	*łal-a
smoke	*nu·q
smoke (verb)	*sud-u
smoke hole	*t’el
smooth	*wil-i
snake (verb)	*how
snake sp.	*how, *hulilVk
snap	*k’a-
sneeze	*t’es
snore	*łon
snot	*łiniq
snow	*yo·l
soft round plant sp.	*łubuq
sound bee-like	*łon
sour	*ʔay-...l-
sour, unripe	*ʔa·w-a
south	*nor
spark	*p’ač-a, *t’ip
sparrowhawk	*ʔi·rʔir
spear	*saq
spear, gig	*łew ?
speech	*č’e(·)we-s
spider	*kʰerek
spike	*tob-i
spill, pour	*č’u·l-i/u
spin	*xiw
spirit	*qʰal-tu ?
spirit after leaving body, shadow	*łes
spit	*tʰub
split	*k’ał
split apart	*t’eb
split/slit two halves	*t’ač
split	*q’ot
spot	*t’ok
spouse’s parent, child’s spouse, in-law one generation removed	*t’e(·)s
spread open	*dih
spread to dry	*ye-
sprout	*qʰuy ?
sprout, to; sharp point	*č’up
sprout, emerge, cross (meet)	*tep-i/u
squat	*qʰud
squeak	*k’id
squeeze	*pit, *p’it
squint	*ʔay-čʰ-
squirm	*sis
squirrel: flying ?	*q’an-łala ?
stand	*pʰek-a·y-i/u ?
stand up long things	*toq
star, porcupine	*łara·q ?
starve, be hungry	*per-i/u
stative ?	*-V(·)l
steam, fog	*qʰos
Steller’s jay	*woč-
step, climb	*dek
stick into, poke, insert long things	*λ’op
stick into (vertically ?)	*lup
stick up	*to·l
sticks	*tok-i ?
stiff ?, clench	*k’on
stiff, straighten	*sip-čʰ-u
sting	*lal-a
stink, smell rotten	*łal-a
stinkbug	*xed-i-men
stone, small round rock	*t’uduy
stone (white)	*λ’ar
stoop	*pum, straight, *č’uC-, *kid-i ?
straighten, make stiff	*sip-čʰ-u
straighten up, fix up	*moq
strap with hook, hooked strap	*lak-o/u
strap, tumpline	*surut
strike at	*λ’aq-a
stripe	*qʰop
striped skunk	*qʰo·
struggle	*wer
stuck	*čʰop
stuff feathers	*wey
sturgeon	*nes
subjunctive, dubitative	*-m
submerge	*lib-čh
subordinating suffix	*-ta
subordinating suffix of causal or temporal anteriority	*-ro ?
suck	*č’uy-u
sudden escape of water	*het
suffix forming alienable possessive pronouns	*-o
sugar	*xurxur
sugar pine	*sumu
sumac berries, skunkberries	*pʰintus
summer	*pohpil ?
summoned gathering	*ya·pay
sun to set	*ʔał-a
sunflower sp.	*qʰolo
sunshine	*holol
supernatural	*yoh
suspect, fear a loss	*ha·q-a
Swainson’s hawk ?	*lik-
swallow	*per-i/u
sweet	*munuq
swell, protrude	*pʰo-
swim	*tʰul-e/i/u
swing	*xiw
swing arms	*hil-a·y
tadpole	*ho-...-q
tail	*sutu
take/bring something inanimate	*har-m-
tale, tell a tale	*bo·l-e
talk	*č’e(·)w
tall and swaying	*k’eb
tamarack pine	*mo·r
tarweed	*t’on
tear	*k’ur-a·
tears	*tum
tell a lie	*bal-ʔa
tell a tale	*bo·l-e
tend in indicated direction	*t’er ?
tendon, sinew	*law
thick liquid	*t’ot
thighs, hip	*somVk
thin, loose	*łupuq
thing	*soq, *men
think	*hal
thorn	*kʰi·l
three	*pano(·)ł
throat	*dol, *holhol
throat, esophagus	*peru·
through to the last	*nam
throw	*łey-a
throw or pull up	*kip
throw solids	*qʰet-a
throw water	*łid
throw water on fire	*qol
thus	*ʔutickle, *quč-u
tie	*lak
tie a knot	*p’olo·q
tie a sling	*łar-čʰ-u
tired	*leq-čʰ-u
toad	*yoho(·)l
tobacco	*lo(·)l
today	*po·-sani
tongue	*tahal
tooth	*si·
top	*pan-ti
toward self, here	*xun
toward, in (horizontally ?)	*-e·l
trail	*yeme
trap (verb)	*q’ap-ma
trapped	*q’ap-a
travel, far	*kel
tree	*čʰo·q, *mi
trip	*kʰet
try	*tip
tule (flat), cattail	*pa·tpat
tule, bulrush	*λ’op
tumpline, strap	*surut
turn into nothing	*min-a
turn, roll	*dibił
turtle	*ʔan
turtle-shell shaped	*mu(·)k-u
twice, crosswise	*ser
twins	*čʰur-
twist	*t’ir
two	*pan
unpleasant emotion, crazy	*ho·n
unripe, sour	*ʔa·w-a
up	*ʔol
up-and-down movement	*hak-i
urine, urinate	*č’u·n-u
use, do, be (non-distal ?)	*ʔiy
venison, deer	*no·p
vibrate, oscillate	*lew
village, people of	*xerel
vine sp.	*č’ini·q
viscous	*p’at
vision impaired	*qʰas-i·l-ʔa
vocative	*ye
vocative suffix	*-k
vomit	*ʔoq-čʰ -i/u
vulva	*č’ut
wade	*č’up-u
walk	*q’ay-i/u
walk uncertainly	*čoł-
want, hurt, sick	*koy-i/u
warm oneself	*humuq
wash face, wash up	*tʰa·p
water	*me(·)m
water container	*pol
watersnake ?	*how
wave, fan, gesture	*liw
wear out, exhaust	*łet
weave	*łel-e
weave, make a net	*ło(·)y
web, weaving	*łoy
weir, dam	*paq-i
west	*nom
Western bluebird	*č’ow
Western fence lizard	*č’iwil
Western meadowlark	*bi·t ?
wet	*qʰat
where	*he
which specific one	*he
whiskers (particularly of fish), beard	*qʰep
whisper	*hal-a
white stone	*λ’ar
white oak acorn	*yok...l
whole, body	*tʰu(·)n
wide	*q’an
wide (open ?)	*wak
wife, woman	*p’oq
wild goose sp.	*laq
wild grapes	*qʰap
wild onion	*p’u(·)r
wildcat	*p’a...l...m
willow sp.	*moł
willow sp. or basket sticks from that willow	*ton
wind, wind blows	*k’ah-i/u
wing	*q’an
wink	*ʔay-čʰ -
winnower	*k’en-i
winter	*pomsim
wolf	*hu·- ?
woman	*p’oqi-ta
woman, wife	*p’oq
woman (old)	*p’ot
woman (older)	*q’aya
wood ?, pestle ?	*č’us
woodpecker sp.	*čʰuday, *tarak, *č’uduk
worm	*λ’uk, *k’es
worm sp.	*q’učul
wormwood	*qeti
wrap	*pil-u
wrap around	*haw-a·l
wreck	*pʰ or
yawn	*ha·sme
yellowjacket	*k’eč-
yes	*ho(·) ?
yester-, the passing of one night ?	*le·n
young boy	*k’urey
young girl	*p’ukuy
young man	*xerit
younger brother	*ley