Citations:ʻ

English citations of ʻ

Spiritus asper in Wade-Giles Romanization

(Only used after (1) p, (2) t, (3) k, (4) ch (for ㄑ), (5) ch (for ㄔ), (6) tz, or (7) ts as a romanization of six Mandarin Chinese initials: ㄆ ㄊ ㄎ ㄑ ㄔ ㄘ. Note that in formal Wade-Giles, p (b), t (d), k (g), ch ㄐ (j), ch ㄓ (zh), tz (z), or ts (z) without a spiritus asper represent a different initial: ㄅ ㄉ ㄍ ㄐ ㄓ ㄗ.)

ㄆ as pʻ (p)

Examples: Ch'ing-chiang-p'u, En-p'ing, Ho-p'u, Hsia-p'u, K'ai-p'ing, Kuei-p'ing, Lo-p'u, P'an-chih-hua, P'an-ku, P'an-yü, Pei-p'ing, P'eng, P'eng-hu, P'eng-lai, p'i-p'a, P'i-shan, P'ien-kuan, P'ing-jang, P'ing-t'an, P'ing-ting-shan, P'ing-tung, p'in-yin, P'u-k'ou, P'u-t'ien, p'u-t'ung-hua, P'u-yang, Ssu-p'ing, Tse-p'u, Yüeh-p'u-hu

• 1898, Harlan P. Beach, Dawn on the Hills of Tʻang‎^[1], New York, →OCLC, page 154:

  Chiang-su was the main centre of the great Tʻai Pʻing rebellion, Nanking being the rebel capital from 1853 to 1864.

• 1899, E. H. Parker, “The Wilds of Hu-peh”, in Up the Yang-tse‎^[2], Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC, page 297:

  Early next day we descended by a very precipitous but well-kept road, partly of stone steps, and partly of natural sandy soil, 603 metres, or nearly 2,000 feet, to the river, which I think they said was called Sz-tʻou Ho or Sz-tau Ho : we crossed by a plain wooden plank bridge, as far as I was concerned not without great relief, for this was the last but one of the mountain torrents which, swollen by recent heavy rains, might have indefinitely delayed our march back to civilization ; but there was almost as severe a climb on the opposite side for 453 metres ; after which we again descended 250 metres to Chiu-pu Pʻing, near which place is the boundary-line between the Pa-tung and the Chʻang-yang Districts.

• 1913, “Manchuria”, in The Coal Resources of the World‎^[3], volume 1, Morang & Co. Limited, →OCLC, page 267:

  The Pan-la-mên coal-field is situated about 16 km. south of Ssŭ-pʻing-chieh station on the railway between Chʻang-tʻu and Chʻang-chʻun.

• 1917, Samuel Couling, “Japanese Relations with China”, in The Encyclopaedia Sinica‎^[4], Literature House, Ltd., published 1964, →OCLC, page 255, column 2:

  The Japanese defeated the Ming general Tsu Chʻeng-hsün 祖承訓 at Pʻing jang 平壤 in 1592, the first year of Bunroku 文祿 of Japan, and the fighting continued for some years; but at Hideyoshi's death the Japanese troops left Korea.

• 1974, Margaret Medley, “Underglaze Blue and Copper Red Decorated Wares”, in Yüan Porcelain and Stoneware‎^[5], Faber and Faber, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 54:

  The most remarkable of the faceted mei-pʻing is the one with cover that was discovered at Pao-ting in 1964 (Plate 40).

• 1986, Monika Gronke, “The Arabic Yārkand Documents”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies‎^[6], volume XLIX, number 3, School of Oriental and African Studies, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 491:

  Posgām (in Arabic letters written Būskām) is a large town to the southeast of Yārkand, situated on the trade route coming from Karġalik (today: Yeh-ch‘eng) at a distance of 21 miles from Karġalik. Posgām is the modern Tse-p‘u.

ㄊ as tʻ (t)

Examples: A-erh-t'ai, A-t'u-shih, Ch'ang-t'ai, Chao-t'ung, Ch‘ien-t‘ang/Ch'ien-t'ang, Erh-li-t'ou, Erh-lien-hao-t'e, Feng-t'ai, Ho-t'ien, Hsiang-t'an, Hsien-t'ao, Hu-ho-hao-t'e, Jih-t'u, Lan-t'ien, Lin-t'ung, Lo-t'ien, Lun-t'ai, Mai-kai-t'i, Men-t'ou-kou, Nan-t'ou, Nan-t'ung, Pao-t'ou, P'ing-t'an, Pok'ot'u, P'u-t'ien, p'u-t'ung-hua, Shan-t'ou, T'a-ch'eng, T'a-k'o-la-ma-kan, T'ai-an, T'ai-chou, T'ai-chung, T'ai-erh-chuang, T'ai-lu, T'ai-nan, Tʻai-pei, T'aitung, T'ai-tung, T'ai-wan, T'ai-yuan, T'ai-yüan, T'ang, T'ang-ku, T'ang-shan, T'ao-ch'eng, T'eng-ch'ung, T'ien-an-men, T'ien-chin, T'ien-ching, T'ien-men, T'o-k'o-hsün, T'u-lu-fan, T'u-men, T'uan-feng, T'un-hsi, T'ung-hua, T'ung-ling, Yen-t'ai, Yü-t'ien

• 1865 February 16, The London and China Telegraph‎^[7], volume VII, number 163, →OCLC, page 68:

  From the Yunan^{[sic – meaning Yunnan]} province we learn through a native source that the Miao-tsze have seized the city of Tien-choo-hsien. […]
  Natives’ accounts from Yunan^{[sic – meaning Yunnan]} report that the Miao-tsze, or wild hill tribes, have mado a descent into the plain and seized the city of the Tʻien Choo-hsien.

• 1889 January 25, “Abstract of Peking Gazette.”, in North-China Herald‎^[8], volume XLII, number 1121, Shanghai, →OCLC, page 89, column 3:

  At that time the surrounding country constantly harried by banditti who had occupied a stronghold in the mountains between Tʻai-chou and Chin-hua.

• 1898, Harlan P. Beach, Dawn on the Hills of Tʻang‎^[9], New York, →OCLC, page 154:

  Chiang-su was the main centre of the great Tʻai Pʻing rebellion, Nanking being the rebel capital from 1853 to 1864.

• 1899, E. H. Parker, “The Wilds of Hu-peh”, in Up the Yang-tse‎^[10], Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC, page 297:

  Early next day we descended by a very precipitous but well-kept road, partly of stone steps, and partly of natural sandy soil, 603 metres, or nearly 2,000 feet, to the river, which I think they said was called Sz-tʻou Ho or Sz-tau Ho : we crossed by a plain wooden plank bridge, as far as I was concerned not without great relief, for this was the last but one of the mountain torrents which, swollen by recent heavy rains, might have indefinitely delayed our march back to civilization ; but there was almost as severe a climb on the opposite side for 453 metres ; after which we again descended 250 metres to Chiu-pu Pʻing, near which place is the boundary-line between the Pa-tung and the Chʻang-yang Districts.

• 1913, Kinosuke Inouye, “The Coal Resources of Manchuria”, in The Coal Resources of the World‎^[11], volume 1, Morang & Co. Limited, →OCLC, page 256:

  Coal is found in several places along the Hun-chiang on the north-east of Tʻung-hua.

• 1923, The Travels of Fa-Hsien‎^[12], Cambridge University Press, →OCLC, →OL, pages 90–91:

  Again, Yü-tʻien or Ho-tʻien (Khotan), as it is now called, has been from time immemorial devoted to Mahometanism, as is amply borne out by Illustrated Notices of Western Countries, printed by Imperial authority.

• 1943, Chao-ying Fang, “CHU I-kuei [朱一貴]”, in Arthur W. Hummel, editor, Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912)‎^[13], volume 1, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 181, column 2:

  CHU I-kuei 朱一貴, d. c. 1721, desperado, was a native of Chʻang-tʻai, Fukien.

• 1953, China's Management of the American Barbarians: A Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841-1861, with Documents‎^[14], New York: Octagon Books, published 1972, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 712:

  CHIN Ying-lin 金應麟, native of Ch‘ien-t‘ang, Chekiang, was a chin-shih of the Tao-kuang period.

• 1977, William Watson, “Preface to Second Edition”, in Ancient Chinese Bronzes (The Arts of the East)‎^[15], 2nd edition, London: Faber and Faber, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 17:

  The lei of Pl. 49b, also excavated in Shensi, comes from the same atelier. A yu from T‘un-hsi in Anhui confirms the Western Chou date of the chih in Pl. 38 (Burlington House Catalogue 1973, no. 97).

ㄎ as kʻ (k)

Examples: A-k'o-su, An-k'ang, Chang-chia-k'ou, Chou-k'ou-tien, Fu-k'ang, Han-k'ou, Jih-k'a-tse, K'a-shih, K'ai-feng, K'ai-p'ing, K'ai-yüan, K'o-shih, K'o-tzu-le-su, K'o-tzu-lo-su, K'u-mi-shih, K'un-ming, K'un-shan, K'ung-tzu, Lao-ho-k'ou, Pok'ot'u, P'u-k'ou, T'a-k'o-la-ma-kan, Tan-chiang-k'ou, T'o-k'o-hsün, Yeh-i-k'o, Ying-k'ou

• 1904, C. D. Tenney, “中國 [Zhōngguó, The Chinese Empire]”, in Geography of Asia‎^[16], New York: MacMillan and Co, →OCLC, page 10:

  The capital, Kʻai-fêng Fu (開封府), is situated a few miles from the south bank of the Yellow River.

• 1912, Arthur Henderson Smith, “A General View of China”, in The Uplift of China‎^[17], →OCLC, page 5:

  The Yang-tzŭ, which is 60 miles wide at its mouth, with its numerous tributaries is to China what the Mississippi and Amazon are to the United States and South America. It is navigable by large oceans streamers to Han-kʻou, more than 600 miles from its mouth.

• 1962, “Notes on Translation”, in Albert E. Dien, transl., Biography of Yü-wen Hu (Chinese Dynastic Histories Translations)‎^[18], number 9, University of California Press, →OCLC, page 100:

  Shan-nan at this period seems to have referred tothe upper Han River valley, extending down river at least as far as An-k‘ang in Shensi; this may be inferred from cases of Shannan in CS 44. 7b, 8a and 8b, and CS 33.16a.

ㄑ as chʻ (q)

Examples: An-ch‘ing/An-ch'ing, Chao-ch'ing, Ch'i, Ch'i-ch'un, Ch'i-men, Ch'ieh-mo, Ch'ieh-shih, Ch'ien-chiang, Ch‘ien-t‘ang/Ch'ien-t'ang, Ch'in, Ch'in-chou, Ch'in-huang-tao, Ch'ing, Ch'ing-chiang-p'u, Ch'ing-hai, Ch'ing-ho, Ch'ing-tao, Chiu-ch'üan, Ch'iung-hai, Ch'ü-chou, Ch'ü-fu, Ch'üan-chou, Ch'un-ch'iu, Ch'ung-ch'ing, fan-ch'ieh, Fu-ch'ing, Huang-ch'i, Jo-ch'iang, Pan-ch'iao, Pen-ch'i, Shang-ch'iu, Su-ch'ien, Ta-ch'ing, Wu-ch'ia, Wu-ch'ing, Wu-lu-mu-ch'i

• 1870 June [April 1870], “The Peking Gazettes”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal‎^[19], volume 3, number 1, Foochow: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, page 12, column 1:

  At 7, he made his exit through the Ch‘ien-ch‘ing and the Lung-tsung gates, and thence, through the Yung-Hang Gate he entered the Tz‘u-ning Palace.

• 1885 October 8, “The British Association”, in Nature‎^[20], volume 32, number 832, page 564, column 2:

  In February, 1883, Mr. Hosie again left Chʻung-chʻing, and proceeded north-west to Chʻêng-tu, the capital of the province of Ssŭ-chʻuan, by way of the brine and petroleum wells of Tzŭ-liu-ching.

• 1880, Herbert Giles (translator), Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio[21], London: Thomas de la Rue & Co., Vol. I, page 300

  So he bade good-by to Mr. Chiang, and set off for Fokien, his patron providing him with clothes and shoes, and the people of the place making up a subscription for him. On the road he met two traders in cotton cloth who were going to Fu-chʻing, and he joined their party; but they had not travelled many stages before these men found out that he had money, and taking him to a lonely spot, bound him hand and foot and made off with all he had.

• 1904, C. D. Tenney, “中國 [Zhōngguó, The Chinese Empire]”, in Geography of Asia‎^[22], New York: MacMillan and Co, →OCLC, page 6:

  Chʻing-wang-tao (秦皇島) is a deep water port on the Gulf of Pechili, and is important as a port for the shipping of coal, and also as the winter port for the exports and imports of Tientsin.

• 1912, Herbert A. Giles, “Hsien Fêng”, in China and The Manchus‎^[23], Cambridge History Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 86:

  By 1857, Imperialist troops were drawing close lines around the rebels, who had begun to lose rather than to gain ground. An-chʻing and Nanking, the only two cities which remained to them, were blockaded, and the Manchu plan was simply to starve the enemy out.

• 1941, Yen-yü Huang, “Viceroy Yeh Ming-ch‘ên and the Canton Episode (1856-1861)”, in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies‎^[24], volume 6, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard-Yenching Institute, →ISSN, →OCLC, pages 46–47:

  Fearing attack on the northern ports by the English, he even took precautionary measures by strengthening the defense of Shan-hai-kuan 山海關 and Ch‘in-huang-tao 秦皇島.

• 1943, Rufus O. Suter, “CHU Shih [朱軾]”, in Arthur W. Hummel, editor, Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912)‎^[25], volume 1, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 188, column 2:

  Not permitted to remain in the Academy, he was, after three years (1700) made district magistrate of Chʻien-chiang, Hupeh.

• 1953, China's Management of the American Barbarians: A Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841-1861, with Documents‎^[26], New York: Octagon Books, published 1972, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 712:

  CHIN Ying-lin 金應麟, native of Ch‘ien-t‘ang, Chekiang, was a chin-shih of the Tao-kuang period.

• 1989, Edward Seu Chen Mau, “The Past as Prologue”, in The Mau Lineage‎^[27], Honolulu: Hawaii Chinese History Center, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 15:

  The Mao Kung Ting was unearthed in Chi Shan County, Shensi Province around 1848. Chi Shan, located 75 miles west of Sian, is also located forty-five miles beyond the site of the famous 1974 discovery of the army of 6,000 clay figures which guarded the grave of Emperor Chʻin Shih Huang Ti.

ㄑ as tsʻ (q)

• 1901, J. J. M. de Groot, “On Disease of the Soul, its Debility and Derangements”, in The Religious System of China‎^[28], volume IV, →OCLC, archived from the original on October 07, 2023, page 92:

  Yuh ying kia pi 育嬰家祕, "Domestic Mysteries regarding the Rearing of Children", a work by Wan Tsʻüen 萬全, alias Mih-chai 密齋, a native of Lo-tʻien 羅田 in the extreme east of Hupeh, who lived under the Ming dynasty.

• 1908, Edward Harper Parker, Ancient China Simplified‎^[29], London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd., →OCLC, page ix, xi:

  In the earlier chapters uncouth proper names are reduced to a minimum, but the Index refers by name to specific places and persons only generally mentioned in the earlier pages. For instance, the states of Lu and Chêng on pages 22 and 29 : it is hard enough to differentiate Ts‘i, Tsin, Ts‘in, and Ts‘u at the outstart, without crowding the memory with fresh names until the necessity for it absolutely arises. […]
  CHOU: at first a principality in South Shen Si and part of Kan Suh, subject to Shang dynasty; afterwards the imperial dynasty itself.
  TS‘IN; principality west of the above. When the Chou dynasty moved its capital east into Ho Nan, Ts‘in took possession of the old Chou principality.
  TSIN : principality (same family as Chou) in South Shan Si (and in part of Shen Si at times).
  TS‘I: principality, separated by the Yellow River from Tsin and Yen; it lay in North Shan Tung, and in the coast part of Chih Li.
  TS‘U : semi-barbarous principality alone preponderant on the Yang-tsz River.

ㄔ as chʻ (ch)

Examples: Ch'ang-an, Ch'ang-chih, Ch'ang-chou, Ch'ang-ch'un, Ch'ang-pai, Ch'ang-sha, Ch'ang-t'ai, Ch'ang-te, Ch'ang-tzu, Ch'ang-yang, Ch'ao-chou, Ch'ao-shan, Ch'en, Ch'eng-te, Ch'eng-tu, Ch'i-ch'un, Ch'ih-pi, Chin-ch'eng, Chin-ch'uan, Ch'u, Chu-ch'eng, Ch'u-chou, Ch'u-hsiung, Ch'un-ch'iu, Ch'ung-ch'ing, Ch'ung-ming, Han-ch'uan, Ho-ch'uan, Hsi-ch'uan, Hsu-ch'ang, Hsü-ch'ang, Huang-ch'uan, Hun-ch'un, I-ch'ang, Ku-ch'eng, Liao-ch'eng, Ma-ch'eng, Nanch'ang, Nan-ch'ang, O-ch'eng, Pa-ch'u, So-ch'e, Ssu-ch'uan, T'a-ch'eng, T'ao-ch'eng, T'eng-ch'ung, Wu-ch'ang, Yeh-ch'eng, Yen-ch'eng, Yin-ch'uan, Ying-ch'eng, Yün-ch'eng, Yung-ch'ang, Yung-ch'un

• 1885 October 8, “The British Association”, in Nature‎^[30], volume 32, number 832, page 564, column 2:

  In February, 1883, Mr. Hosie again left Chʻung-chʻing, and proceeded north-west to Chʻêng-tu, the capital of the province of Ssŭ-chʻuan, by way of the brine and petroleum wells of Tzŭ-liu-ching.

• 1888, H. E. M. James, “Sansing to Ninguta and Hun-chʻun”, in The Long White Mountain or A Journey in Manchuria‎^[31], Longmans, Green, and Co., →OCLC, page 346:

  Hun-chʻun is essentially a garrison town, though there are a few dealers in seaweed, toadstools, and medicinal roots, large quantities of which are sent to Ninguta and Kirin, and thence to all parts of China. There is also a considerable trade in deer-horns.

• 1894 May, Rev. Isaac T. Headland, “The Edward Bellamy of China: or The Political Condition of the Middle Sungs.”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal‎^[32], volume 25, number 5, →OCLC, page 297:

  The President of the Imperial Academy recommended him for the title of Censor (諫官), but Wang An-shih refused to receive it, giving as a reason that his grandmother was sick and old, and he wanted to serve her. But at once he was made Department Magistrate (知州) of Chʻang-chou.

• 1899, E. H. Parker, “The Wilds of Hu-peh”, in Up the Yang-tse‎^[33], Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, →OCLC, page 297:

  Early next day we descended by a very precipitous but well-kept road, partly of stone steps, and partly of natural sandy soil, 603 metres, or nearly 2,000 feet, to the river, which I think they said was called Sz-tʻou Ho or Sz-tau Ho : we crossed by a plain wooden plank bridge, as far as I was concerned not without great relief, for this was the last but one of the mountain torrents which, swollen by recent heavy rains, might have indefinitely delayed our march back to civilization ; but there was almost as severe a climb on the opposite side for 453 metres ; after which we again descended 250 metres to Chiu-pu Pʻing, near which place is the boundary-line between the Pa-tung and the Chʻang-yang Districts.

• 1903, Joseph Edkins, “Hupei Salt Wells”, in The Revenue and Taxation of the Chinese Empire‎^[34], Shanghai: Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, page 213:

  In Hupei, at Wu-siu, about four hundred li from Hankow, salt wells are found. They are also found at Ying-chʻeng 應城, seventy or eighty miles north-west of Hankow. […]
  Ying-chʻeng belongs to the prefecture of Tê-an-fu.

• 1904, C. D. Tenney, “中國 [Zhōngguó, The Chinese Empire]”, in Geography of Asia‎^[35], New York: MacMillan and Co, →OCLC, page 3:

  The Yang-tzŭ-chiang (揚子江) is about 3,300 miles long ; it is navigable for large steamers for 600 miles to Hankow (漢口) and for light-draught steamers 360 miles further to I-chʻang (宜昌).
  Above I-chʻang there are rapid which are difficult to pass.

• 1906 January, R. T. Booth, “Medical and Surgical Notes”, in China Medical Missionary Journal‎^[36], volume XX, number 1, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 75:

  I heard last week that he is able to take part in the physical drill which Mr. Helps has instituted for the boys at Han-ch‘uan, where he lives.

• 1913, “Manchuria”, in The Coal Resources of the World‎^[37], volume 1, Morang & Co. Limited, →OCLC, page 267:

  The Pan-la-mên coal-field is situated about 16 km. south of Ssŭ-pʻing-chieh station on the railway between Chʻang-tʻu and Chʻang-chʻun.

• 1943, Chao-ying Fang, “CHU I-kuei [朱一貴]”, in Arthur W. Hummel, editor, Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing Period (1644-1912)‎^[38], volume 1, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, →OCLC, page 181, column 2:

  CHU I-kuei 朱一貴, d. c. 1721, desperado, was a native of Chʻang-tʻai, Fukien.

• 1953 [1859 November 9], Earl Swisher, “Ward and Ho Kuei-ch'ing at Shanghai, 1859. (Documents 477-494)”, in China's Management of the American Barbarians: A Study of Sino-American Relations, 1841-1861, with Documents‎^[39], New York: Octagon Books, published 1972, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 634:

  It is humbly noted that during July Your officer heard rumors that in the Ch‘ao-chou-Swatow area there was an English barbarian, Su-li-wan,¹ pretending to be in charge of customs and in collusion with local gangsters, squatting there and fraudulently collecting customs. Notice was sent the Kwangtung governor general and governor and the Canton customs superintendent to prohibit this entirely. Now a communication is received from the acting governor general of Kwangtung [sic] Lao Ch‘ung-kuang, regarding the collection of likin for military supplies at Ch‘ao-chou and Swatow, that he has received a report from his deputy Yi En-heng that there is a foreign merchant, Sha-li-yün, who has helped detect smuggling and is quite rigorous.

• 1973, Michael Sullivan, “The Period of the Warring States”, in The Arts of China‎^[40], →ISBN, →OCLC, page 52:

  In vessels unearthed in 1923 at Li-yü, and more recently in the much more prosperous and important area of Ch‘ang-chih in Central Shansi, the décor of flat interlocking bands of dragons looks forward to the restless, intricate decoration of the mature Huai style; but in their robust forms, in the tiger masks which top their legs and the realistic birds and other creatures which adorn their lids, these vessels recall the vigour of an earlier age.

• 1986, Monika Gronke, “The Arabic Yārkand Documents”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies‎^[41], volume XLIX, number 3, School of Oriental and African Studies, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 491:

  Posgām (in Arabic letters written Būskām) is a large town to the southeast of Yārkand, situated on the trade route coming from Karġalik (today: Yeh-ch‘eng) at a distance of 21 miles from Karġalik. Posgām is the modern Tse-p‘u.

ㄘ as tzʻ (c)

Examples: Tz'u-hsi, Tz'u-shan

• 1870 June [1870 April], “The Peking Gazettes”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal‎^[42], volume 3, number 1, Foochow: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, page 12, column 1:

  At 7, he made his exit through the Ch‘ien-ch‘ing and the Lung-tsung gates, and thence, through the Yung-Hang Gate he entered the Tz‘u-ning Palace.

• [1973 [1971], Jürgen Domes, “Opposition and 'Readjustment'”, in Rüdiger Machetzki, transl., The Internal Politics of China, 1949-1972 [Die Ära Mao Tse-tung]‎^[43], Praeger Publishers, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 117:

  In the course of this ‘Second Anti-Rightist Campaign’ (Erh-tz’u fan-yu), Ch’en Yün’s authority was considerably restricted, and the Vice-Premier and Secretary General of the State Council, Hsi Chung-hsün (member of the CC), was dismissed.]

ㄘ as tsʻ (c)

Map including 敬信村 Ching-hsin-t'sun^{[sic – meaning Ching-hsin-ts'un]} (AMS, 1954)

Examples: Lin-ts'ang, Ts'ai, Hai-ts'an-wei (see Hai-shen-wei)

• 1914, Li Ung Bing, “The Second Joint Regency of the Empress”, in Joseph Whiteside, editor, Outlines of Chinese History‎^[44], Shanghai: The Commercial Press, →OCLC, page 565:

  Her death (April 18, 1881) left the Empress Ts‘ŭ Hsi, the playmate of her youth, the sole Regent of China, with the destiny of four hundred millions of human beings in her hands.

As ʽ

• 1885, Edward P. Vining, quoting J. Klaproth, “Researches regarding the Country of Fu-sang, mentioned in Chinese Books, and erroneously supposed to be a Part of America”, in An Inglorious Columbus: or, Evidence that Hwui Shǎn and a Party of Buddhist Monks from Afghanistan Discovered America in the Fifth Century, A.D.‎^[45], D. Appleton and Company, →OCLC, page 43:

  Next, the Chinese text says that they set forth from the district of Lo-lang, which is situated not in Leao-tung, but in Corea, and of which the capital is the present city of Pʽing-jang (in d’Auville’s map, Ping-yang), situated upon the northern bank of the Ta-tʽung-kiang, or Pʽai-shue, a river of the province of Pʽing-ngan, which, in great part, in the time of the dynasty of Han, formed the district of Lo-lang.

• 1885 January-February, E. H. Parker, “Asia Reconstructed from Chinese Sources.”, in Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal‎^[46], volume XVI, number 1, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, page 38:

  52. Chang Kʽien said to the Emperor, on his return from his mission to Bactria, [月氐]:—"Ta-üen is distant from Han, [? the capital Chʽang-an ], about 10,000 li: their habits there are settled: they till the ground, and cultivate rice and wheat : they have grape-wine, and many excellent horses.

• 1910, E. Bretschneider, “Chinese Intercourses with the Countries of Central and Western Asia during the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries”, in Mediæval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources‎^[47], volume II, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 211:

  In 1512 the great headman of the Meng-gu (Mongols), I-bu-la, followed by the tribe A-rh-tʽu-sz’, after making himself master of Tsʽing hai (Kukenor), ravaged also Kʽü-sien, and destroyed the military administration there.

• 1912, Herbert A. Giles, “Hsien Fêng”, in China and The Manchus‎^[48], Cambridge History Press, →OCLC, →OL, page 86:

  By 1857, Imperialist troops were drawing close lines around the rebels, who had begun to lose rather than to gain ground. An-chʽing and Nanking, the only two cities which remained to them, were blockaded, and the Manchu plan was simply to starve the enemy out.

• 1914, Arthur H. Smith, “Puns and Other Linguistic Diversions.”, in Proverbs and Common Sayings from the Chinese‎^[49], New and Revised edition, Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, →OCLC, pages 248-249:

  All that is necessary for a successful hsieh hou yü is that the characters of which it is composed should have a well known, invariable order. This being presupposed, mere arbitrary sounds in which the characters have no meaning at all, are quite as good as any others. Thus the sounds, chʽih pu leng teng (吃不楞登) represent the noise of beating on a drum, or anything similar, like our ‘rub-a-dub-dub.’ Hence the hsieh hou yü: ‘Light the Ch’ih-pu-leng,’ i.e, teng, Lamp. 點上了吃不楞[燈]