Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/jū́ˀgan

This Proto-Balto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Balto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yugom. Cognate with Latin iugum, Proto-Germanic *juką, and Sanskrit युग (yuga).

Noun

*jū́ˀgan n

1. yoke

Reconstruction notes

Three stress patterns are found in the Lithuanian language. These are stress pattern 1, stress pattern 3 and probably exception stress pattern 2. In Proto-Slavic, respectively, the accent paradigm a and c. Apparently, it is necessary to restore the mobile accent with the initial accent, like the wordform *médu without the action of Hirt's law from *yúgom. Likewise in the nominative plural, but with the action of Hirt's law from *yugéh₂. That is, one form is an form-enclinomena and the other is not. As a result, the Balto-Slavic accent curve acquired extreme complexity, which caused it to align and often splitting, which led to the emergence of paradigmatic doublets and even triplets, which was demonstrated in the descendants.

The East Aukshtaits dialect apparently uses a wordform in the genitive plural jugũ (stress pattern 4) without infixation.

Inflection

Declension of *jū́ˀgan (o-stem, mobile accent)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*jūˀgan	*jūˀgai	*jūˀgā́ˀ
accusative	*jūˀgan	*jūˀgai	*jūˀgā́ˀ
genitive	*jūˀgā	*jūˀgāu⁽ˀ⁾	*jūˀgṓn
locative	*jūˀgái	*jūˀgāu⁽ˀ⁾	*jūˀgaišú
dative	*jūˀgōi	*jūˀgamā́ˀ	*jūˀgamás
instrumental	*jūˀgōˀ	*jūˀgamā́ˀ	*jūˀgṓis
vocative	*jūˀgan	*jūˀgai	*jūˀgā́ˀ

In mobile paradigms, forms without an accent marker are enclinomena, which do not have inherent lexical accent.

Descendants

• East Baltic:
  • ⇒ Latgalian: jiugs
  • ⇒ Latvian: jûgs
  • ⇒ Lithuanian: jùngas (with additional -n- from a nasal-infix verb)
  • Samogitian: jungs
• Proto-Slavic: *jь̑go or *jь̀go (see there for further descendants)