Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/gabyeti

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ-. Compare the verbal noun *gabaglā.

Verb

*gabyeti

1. to grab, seize, take, hold

Reconstruction notes

• This verb underwent almost total hybridization in Brittonic with another verb *kageti (from *kagʰ-); *kap- has also been suspected to have been an influence.
  • This hybridization caused the initial *g to be replaced by *k in this verb and all direct verbal derivatives.
  • The verbal noun *gabaglā, despite also being a result of hybridization with *kagʰ-, replaced its initial consonant with *k only when it was used as a verbal noun. Root-initial *g remained in non-verbal use (and the early derivative *atigabaglā), causing this noun to split into two, e.g. in Middle Welsh caffael vs. Welsh gafael.
• The /f/ that appears in Welsh and Middle Breton is due to the spread of the subjunctive stem to other verbal forms: the subjunctive suffix *-as- > *-ah- > *-h- came into contact with Brittonic /β/ after the *a in the subjunctive suffix was syncopated, regularly devoicing the root-final consonant.

Inflection

The conjugation was extensively remodeled in Insular Celtic to shed the aberrant root allomorph *gax-.

Thematic present, s-preterite
Active voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*gabyū	*gabyemam	?	*gaxsam
2nd singular	*gabyesi	*gabyetās	?	*gaxss
3rd singular	*gabyeti	*gabyeto	?	*gaxst
1st plural	*gabyomosi	*gabyemo	?	*gaxsme
2nd plural	*gabyetesi	*gabyestē	?	*gaxste
3rd plural	*gabyonti	*gabyento	?	*gaxsant
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*gaxsū	?	—
2nd singular	*gaxsesi	?	*gabye
3rd singular	*gaxseti	?	*gabyetou
1st plural	*gaxsomosi	?	*gabyomos
2nd plural	*gaxsetesi	?	*gabyete
3rd plural	*gaxsonti	?	*gabyontou
Passive voice
	Present	Imperfect	Future	Preterite
1st singular	*gabyūr	—	?	?
2nd singular	*gabyetar	—	?	?
3rd singular	*gabyetor	?	?	?
1st plural	*gabyommor	—	?	?
2nd plural	*gabyedwe	—	?	?
3rd plural	*gabyontor	?	?	*gaxsanto
	Pres. subjunctive	Past subjunctive	Imperative
1st singular	*gaxsūr	—	—
2nd singular	*gaxsetar	—	—
3rd singular	*gaxsetor	—	—
1st plural	*gaxsommor	—	—
2nd plural	*gaxsedwe	—	—
3rd plural	*gaxsontor	—	—

Declension of the present participle

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gabyonts	*gabyonte	*gabyontes
vocative	*gabyonts	*gabyonte	*gabyontes
accusative	*gabyontam	*gabyonte	*gabyontans
genitive	*gabyantos	*?	*gabyantom
dative	*gabyantei	*gabyantbom	*gabyantbos
instrumental	*gabyantī?	*gabyantbim	*gabyantbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gabyantī	*gabyantī	*gabyantiyās
vocative	*gabyantī	*gabyantī	*gabyantiyās
accusative	*gabyantīm	*gabyantī	*gabyantiyans
genitive	*gabyantyās	*?	*gabyantyom
dative	*gabyantyāi	*gabyantyābom	*gabyantyābos
instrumental	*?	*gabyantyābim	*gabyantyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gabyont	*?	*gabyonta
vocative	*gabyont	*?	*gabyonta
accusative	*gabyont	*?	*gabyonta
genitive	*gabyantos	*?	*gabyantom
dative	*gabyantei	*?	*gabyantbos
instrumental	*gabyantī?	*?	*gabyantbis

Declension of the middle participle

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gabyomnos	*gabyomnou	*gabyomnoi
vocative	*gabyomne	*gabyomnou	*gabyomnoi
accusative	*gabyomnom	*gabyomnou	*gabyomnons
genitive	*gabyomnī	*gabyomnous	*gabyomnom
dative	*gabyomnūi	*gabyomnobom	*gabyomnobos
instrumental	*gabyomnū	*gabyomnobim	*gabyomnobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gabyomnā	*gabyomnai	*gabyomnās
vocative	*gabyomnā	*gabyomnai	*gabyomnās
accusative	*gabyomnam	*gabyomnai	*gabyomnans
genitive	*gabyomnās	*gabyomnous	*gabyomnom
dative	*gabyomnai	*gabyomnābom	*gabyomnābos
instrumental	*?	*gabyomnābim	*gabyomnābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gabyomnom	*gabyomnou	*gabyomnā
vocative	*gabyomnom	*gabyomnou	*gabyomnā
accusative	*gabyomnom	*gabyomnou	*gabyomnā
genitive	*gabyomnī	*gabyomnous	*gabyomnom
dative	*gabyomnūi	*gabyomnobom	*gabyomnobos
instrumental	*gabyomnū	*gabyomnobim	*gabyomnobis

Declension of the past participle

masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gaxtos	*gaxtou	*gaxtoi
vocative	*gaxte	*gaxtou	*gaxtoi
accusative	*gaxtom	*gaxtou	*gaxtons
genitive	*gaxtī	*gaxtous	*gaxtom
dative	*gaxtūi	*gaxtobom	*gaxtobos
instrumental	*gaxtū	*gaxtobim	*gaxtobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gaxtā	*gaxtai	*gaxtās
vocative	*gaxtā	*gaxtai	*gaxtās
accusative	*gaxtam	*gaxtai	*gaxtans
genitive	*gaxtās	*gaxtous	*gaxtom
dative	*gaxtai	*gaxtābom	*gaxtābos
instrumental	*?	*gaxtābim	*gaxtābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gaxtom	*gaxtou	*gaxtā
vocative	*gaxtom	*gaxtou	*gaxtā
accusative	*gaxtom	*gaxtou	*gaxtā
genitive	*gaxtī	*gaxtous	*gaxtom
dative	*gaxtūi	*gaxtobom	*gaxtobos
instrumental	*gaxtū	*gaxtobim	*gaxtobis

Derived terms

• *gabaglā
• *to-ɸro-ud-gabyeti
  • Middle Cornish: drehevel
    • Cornish: drehevel (“to build”)
  • Middle Welsh: dyrchafael
    • ⇒ Middle Welsh: ardyrchavael
      • Welsh: arddyrchafael, arddyrchafu
    • ⇒ Middle Welsh: ymderchavael
      • Welsh: ymdderchafael

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *kėβɨd (absolute), *kaβ (conjunct)
  • Middle Breton: caffout, caffeut
    • Breton: kavout
  • Middle Cornish: kavoes
    • Cornish: kavos
  • Old Welsh: cephitor (pres. impers.), cepi (2sg. pres.)
    • Middle Welsh: cael (only the forms with /v/ or /f/)
      • Welsh: cael
• Old Irish: gaibid
  • Irish: gabh
  • Manx: gow
  • Scottish Gaelic: gabh
• Gaulish: gabi (2sg. imperative), Gabiae