Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/duganą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰówgʰe, from *dʰewgʰ- (“to produce”).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdu.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*duganą

to be useful, to avail

Inflection

Conjugation of *duganą (preterite-present)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*daug	*dugį̄	—	—	—
2nd singular	*dauht	*dugīz	—	—	—
3rd singular	*daug	*dugī	—	—	—
1st dual	*dugū	*dugīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*dugudiz	*dugīdiz	—	—	—
1st plural	*dugum	*dugīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*dugud	*dugīd	—	—	—
3rd plural	*dugun	*dugīn	—	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*duhtǭ	*duhtēdį̄
2nd singular	*duhtēz	*duhtēdīz
3rd singular	*duhtē	*duhtēdī
1st dual	*duhtēdū	*duhtēdīw
2nd dual	*duhtēdudiz	*duhtēdīdiz
1st plural	*duhtēdum	*duhtēdīm
2nd plural	*duhtēdud	*duhtēdīd
3rd plural	*duhtēdun	*duhtēdīn

	present	past
participles	*dugandz	*duhtaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *dugan
- Old English: dugan
  - Middle English: douen, dowen, duhen, duȝen
    - English: dow (obsolete)
    - Scots: dow
- Old Frisian: duga
  - North Frisian: duug (Föhr-Amrum), dooge (Mooring), döög (Sylt)
  - Saterland Frisian: dooge
  - West Frisian: doge
- Old Saxon: dugan
  - Middle Low German: dōgen
    - Low German: dögen
- Old Dutch: dugan
  - Middle Dutch: dōgen
    - Dutch: deugen
      - Afrikaans: deug
- Old High German: tugan
  - Middle High German: tugen, tugen, tügen
    - German: taugen
      - → Esperanto: taŭgi
    - Luxembourgish: daachen
    - Yiddish: טויגן (toygn)
Old Norse: duga
- Icelandic: duga
- Faroese: duga
- Norwegian:
  - Norwegian Bokmål: duge
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: duga, duge
- Old Swedish: dugha, dogha
  - Swedish: duga
- Old Danish: dughæ
  - Danish: du
Gothic: 𐌳𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (dugan)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dugan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 106-7
^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*dugan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 106-7

[Ringe_2006-2] Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], 1st edition, Oxford: University Press, →ISBN

[1]

[2]