Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fijandz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Present participle of *fijāną, from Proto-Indo-European *peh₁- (“to hate”), equivalent to *fijāną +‎ *-ndz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɸi.jɑndz/

Noun

*fijandz m

1. enemy, fiend

   Antonym: *frijōndz

Inflection

Declension of *fijandz (consonant stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*fijandz	*fijandiz
vocative	*fijand	*fijandiz
accusative	*fijandų	*fijandunz
genitive	*fijandiz	*fijandǫ̂
dative	*fijandi	*fijandumaz
instrumental	*fijandē	*fijandumiz

Derived terms

• *fijandiskapiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *fijand
  • Old English: fēond, fīend, fīond — a-stem
    • Middle English: fend
      • English: fiend, fend
      • Scots: fient
      • Yola: feand
  • Old Frisian: fīand
    • Saterland Frisian: Fäind
    • West Frisian: fijân
  • Old Saxon: fīand, fīond, fīoud
    • Middle Low German: vîent, vîant, vîen, vigent, vigen, vînt, vîend, fīent
      • German Low German: Feend, Fiend
      • Plautdietsch: Fient
  • Old Dutch: fīunt, fīant, fīent
    • Middle Dutch: viant
      • Dutch: vijand
        • Afrikaans: vyand
        • Negerhollands: vyand, vieand
        • → Sranan Tongo: feyanti
          • → Aukan: feyanti
          • → Saramaccan: feántima
      • Limburgish: vieënd, vieëndj
  • Old High German: fīant, fīand, fījant
    • Middle High German: vīant, vīent, vīnt
      • Cimbrian: faint
      • German: Feind
      • Vilamovian: faeind, fajnd
      • Yiddish: פֿײַנד (faynd)
• Proto-Norse:
  • Old Norse: fjándi
    • Icelandic: fjandi (“devil”)
    • Faroese: fjandi (“devil”)
    • Norn: fjandi (“devil”)
    • Norwegian Bokmål: fiende
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: fiende
    • Elfdalian: fiend, fiund
    • Old Swedish: fiænde, fiande, fionde
      • Swedish: fiende
    • Old Danish: fiændæ
      • Danish: fjende
    • Gutnish: fiende, feiunde
• Gothic: 𐍆𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (fijands)