Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hagatusjō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain; possibly from *hagaz (“skilled, crafty”) +‎ *tusjō (“witch, demon”) (whence Norwegian tysja (“witch, demon”)), perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-yéh₂, from *dʰews- (“breath; spirit”) (whence *deuzą (“animal, beast”)). However, this devoicing is phonetically irregular. The second part is more likely from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad, evil”).

Noun

*hagatusjō f

1. (West Germanic) witch

Inflection

Declension of *hagatusjō (ō-stem)

	singular	plural
nominative	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjôz
vocative	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjôz
accusative	*hagatusjǭ	*hagatusjōz
genitive	*hagatusjōz	*hagatusjǫ̂
dative	*hagatusjōi	*hagatusjōmaz
instrumental	*hagatusjō	*hagatusjōmiz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *hagatussjā, *hagatusi
  • Old English: hæġtesse, hæġtes, hæġtess, heġtes, hǣts
    • Middle English: hagge, hegge
      • English: hag
  • >? Old Frisian: *hegtesse
  • >? Old Saxon: *hagatussia
  • Old Dutch: *hagatissa
    • Middle Dutch: hagetisse
      • Dutch: hagedis (dialectal)
  • Old High German: hagazussa, hāzasa, hāzessa, hāzisa, hāzissa, hāzisa, hāzusa, hazzesa, hazzisa
    • Middle High German: hecse, hesse, hexse, hegxse, hexe
      • German: Hexe
        • → Polish: heksa
      • Luxembourgish: Hex (inheritance uncertain)
      • → Middle Dutch: hexe
        • Dutch: heks
          • Afrikaans: heks
          • → Papiamentu: hèks
          • → West Frisian: heks (alternatively through Middle Low German)
      • → Middle Low German: hexe
        • Low German: Hex, Hexe
        • Plautdietsch: Hakjs
        • → Danish: heks
        • → Norwegian: heks
        • → Saterland Frisian: Häkse
        • → Swedish: häxa