Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sa

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Indo-European *só.

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /sɑ/

Determiner[edit]

*sa

that

Inflection[edit]

Declension of *sa (irregular)

Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sa	*þai	*sō	*þôz	*þat	*þō
Accusative	*þanǭ	*þanz	*þǭ	*þōz	*þat	*þō
Genitive	*þas	*þaizǫ̂	*þaizōz	*þaizǫ̂	*þas	*þaizǫ̂
Dative	*þammai	*þaimaz	*þaizōi	*þaimaz	*þammai	*þaimaz
Instrumental	*þanō	*þaimiz	*þaizō	*þaimiz	*þanō	*þaimiz

Related terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Nominative

*sa (nominative singular masculine; OE and OS sē derive from related *sai)
- Old English: sē, þē
  - Middle English: se, ze, sæ
- Old Saxon: sē
- Old Norse: sá
  - Icelandic: sá
  - Faroese: sá
  - Old Swedish: sa
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌰 (sa)
- ⇒ (s- analogically replaced with þ- of the other forms)
  - Old English: þē
    - Middle English: þe, the, þͤ, thi, þi, þy, thy
      - English: the
      - Scots: the
      - Yola: ee
  - Old Frisian: thī, thā
    - Saterland Frisian: die
    - West Frisian: de, dy
  - Old Saxon: thē
    - Middle Low German: de
      - Low German: de
  - Old Dutch: thie
    - Middle Dutch: die
      - Dutch: de, de
        Afrikaans: die
      - Limburgish: dae
  - Old High German: dēr (also influenced by adjective inflection)
    - Middle High German: der
      - Alemannic German: dr
        Swabian: d'r
      - Bavarian: da
        Cimbrian: dèar, dar
        
        Mòcheno: der
      - Central Franconian:
        Hunsrik: dää
        
        Kölsch: dä
      - German: der
      - Hessian: dè
      - Yiddish: דער‎ (der)

*sō (nominative singular feminine) (see there for further descendants)
*þat (nominative/accusative singular neuter) (see there for further descendants)
*þai (nominative plural masculine) (see there for further descendants)
*þôz (nominative/accusative plural feminine)
- Old Norse: þær
  - Faroese: tær
  - Icelandic: þær
- Gothic: 𐌸𐍉𐍃 (þōs)
*þō (nominative/accusative plural neuter)
- Old Norse:
  Latin: þau
  Runic: ᚦᛅᚢ (þau)
  - Icelandic: þau
  - Faroese: tey
- Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

Accusative

For singular neuter, plural feminine, and plural neuter forms, see Nominative section above.

*þanǭ (accusative singular masculine)
- Old English: þone
  - Middle English: þone, þane
    - English: than (obsolete)
- Old Saxon: thana, thena
  - Low German: den
- Old Dutch: thana
  - Dutch: den
  - Limburgish: den
- Old High German: then, den
  - Cimbrian: den
  - German: den
  - Luxembourgish: deen
- Old Norse: þann
  - Icelandic: þann
  - Faroese: tann
  - Norwegian: den
  - Old Swedish: þæn
    - Swedish: den
  - Danish: den
  - Westrobothnian: dänn
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (þana)

*þǭ (accusative singular feminine)
- Old English: þā
  - Middle English: þa, þo
    - English: tho (obsolete)
- Old Saxon: thia
  - Low German: de
- Old Dutch: thie-a
  - Dutch: de
- Old High German: diu
  - Middle High German: diu
    - Alemannic German: d
    - Cimbrian: dòi
    - East Central German: de
    - German: die
    - Kölsch: die
    - Luxembourgish: déi
    - Yiddish: די‎ (di)
- Old Norse: þá
  - Icelandic: þá
  - Faroese: ta
  - Old Swedish: þē
  - Westrobothnian: di
- Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

*þanz (accusative plural masculine)
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þans)
*þōz (accusative plural feminine)
- Old Norse: þær
  - Faroese: tær
  - Icelandic: þær
- Gothic: 𐌸𐍉𐍃 (þōs)

Genitive

*þas (genitive singular masculine/neuter)
- Old English: þæs
  - Middle English: þæs, þas
    - English: thes (obsolete)
- Old Saxon: thes
  - Low German: des
- Old Dutch: thes
  - Dutch: des
- Old High German: [Term?]
  - German: des
- Old Norse: þess
  - Icelandic: þess
  - Faroese: tess
  - Norwegian: dess
  - Swedish: dess
  - Westrobothnian: diss
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐍃 (þis)

*þaizōz (genitive singular feminine)
- Old English: þǣre
  - Middle English: þǣre
- Old Saxon: thera
- Old Dutch: thero
  - Dutch: der
- Old High German: [Term?]
  - German: der
- Old Norse: þeirrar
  - Icelandic: þeirrar
  - Faroese: teirrar
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

*þaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
- Old English: þāra, þǣra
  - Middle English: þare
- Old Saxon: thero
  - Low German: der
- Old Dutch: thero
  - Dutch: der
  - Limburgish: dier
- Old High German: [Term?]
  - Cimbrian: dar
  - German: der
- Old Norse: þeirra
  - Icelandic: þeirra
  - Faroese: teirra
  - Old Swedish: þēra
    - Swedish: deras
  - → Middle English: þeir
    - English: their
    - Scots: thair
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 m or n (þizē), 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 f (þizō)

Dative

*þammai (dative singular masculine/neuter)
- Old English: þǣm, þām
- Old Saxon: thēm
  - Low German: dem
- Old Dutch: themo
  - Limburgish: dem
- Old High German: themu, demu
  - Alemannic German: em
  - Cimbrian: dèmme
  - German: dem
  - Luxembourgish: deem
  - Yiddish: דעם‎‎ (dem‎)
- Old Norse: þeim
  - Icelandic: þeim
  - Faroese: teim
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (þamma)

*þaizōi (dative singular feminine)
- Old English: þǣre
  - Middle English: þǣre
- Old Saxon: theru
- Old Dutch: thero
  - Dutch: der
- Old High German: [Term?]
  - Alemannic German: der
  - Cimbrian: dèar
  - German: der
  - Luxembourgish: där
  - Yiddish: דער‎‎ (der‎)
- Old Norse: þeirrar
  - Icelandic: þeirrar
  - Faroese: teirrar
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

*þaimaz (dative plural)
- Old English: þǣm, þām
- Old Saxon: them
- Old Norse: þeim
  - Icelandic: þeim
  - Faroese: teimum
  - Norwegian:
    Bokmål: dem
    Nynorsk: deim
  - Swedish: dem
  - Danish: dem
  - → Middle English: þem
    - English: them, thame
    - Scots: thaim, them
- Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 (þaim)

Instrumental

*þanō (instrumental singular masculine/neuter)
- Old English: þon
  - Middle English: þon, þan
    - English: than (obsolete)

*þaizō (instrumental singular feminine)
- Old English: þǣre
*þaimiz (instrumental plural)
- Old English: þǣm, þām

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sa

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