Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sa

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *só.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sɑ/

Determiner

*sa

1. that

Inflection

Declension of *sa (irregular)

Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*sa	*þai	*sō	*þôz	*þat	*þō
Accusative	*þanǭ	*þanz	*þǭ	*þōz	*þat	*þō
Genitive	*þas	*þaizǫ̂	*þaizōz	*þaizǫ̂	*þas	*þaizǫ̂
Dative	*þammai	*þaimaz	*þaizōi	*þaimaz	*þammai	*þaimaz
Instrumental	*þanō	*þaimiz	*þaizō	*þaimiz	*þanō	*þaimiz

Related terms

• *þan
• *þar
• *þat
• *þus

See also

• *hiz
• *hwaz

Descendants

Nominative

• *sa (nominative singular masculine; OE and OS sē derive from related *sai)
  • Old English: sē, þē
    • Middle English: se, ze, sæ
  • Old Saxon: sē
  • Proto-Norse: ᛋᚼ (sᚼ)
    • Old Norse: sá
      • Icelandic: sá
      • Faroese: sá
      • Old Swedish: sa
  • Gothic: 𐍃𐌰 (sa)
  • ⇒ (s- analogically replaced with þ- of the other forms)
    • Old English: þē
      • Middle English: þe, the, þͤ, thi, þi, þy, thy
        • English: the
        • Scots: the
        • Yola: a, ee, eee, th'
    • Old Frisian: thī, thā
      • Saterland Frisian: die
      • West Frisian: de, dy
    • Old Saxon: thē
      • Middle Low German: de
        • Low German: de
    • Old Dutch: thie
      • Middle Dutch: die
        • Dutch: de, de
          • Afrikaans: die
        • Limburgish: dae
    • Old High German: dēr (also influenced by adjective inflection)
      • Middle High German: der
        • Alemannic German: dr

          Swabian: d'r

        • Bavarian: da

          Cimbrian: dèar, dar

          Mòcheno: der

        • Central Franconian:

          Hunsrik: dää

          Kölsch: dä

        • German: der
        • Hessian: dè
        • Yiddish: דער‎ (der)

---

• *sō (nominative singular feminine) (see there for further descendants)
• *þat (nominative/accusative singular neuter) (see there for further descendants)
• *þai (nominative plural masculine) (see there for further descendants)
• *þôz (nominative/accusative plural feminine)
  • Proto-Norse: ᚦᛋᛁᛋᛉ (þAiAz)
    • Old West Norse: þær
      • Icelandic: þær
      • Faroese: tær
    • Old East Norse: þāʀ, ᚦᛆᛧ (þaʀ)
      • Old Swedish: þār, þā
    • Old Gutnish: þar
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐍉𐍃 (þōs)
• *þō (nominative/accusative plural neuter)
  • Proto-Norse: *ᚦᚨᚢᚾ (*þaun)
    • Old West Norse: þau
      • Icelandic: þau
      • Faroese: tey
    • Old East Norse: þaun, ᚦᛅᚢᚾ (þaun), ᚦᛆᚢᚿ (þaun)
      • Old Swedish: þø̄n
    • Old Gutnish: þaun
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

Accusative

For singular neuter, plural feminine, and plural neuter forms, see Nominative section above.

• *þanǭ (accusative singular masculine)
  • Old English: þone
    • Middle English: þone, þane
      • English: than (obsolete)
  • Old Saxon: thana, thena
    • Low German: den
  • Old Dutch: thana
    • Dutch: den
    • Limburgish: den
  • Old High German: then, den
    • Cimbrian: den
    • German: den
    • Luxembourgish: deen
  • Old Norse: þann
    • Icelandic: þann
    • Faroese: tann
    • Norwegian: den
    • Westrobothnian: dänn
    • Old Swedish: þæn
      • Swedish: den; then, dhen (obsolete)
    • Danish: den
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 (þana)

---

• *þǭ (accusative singular feminine)
  • Old English: þā
    • Middle English: þa, þo
      • English: tho (obsolete)
  • Old Saxon: thia
    • Low German: de
  • Old Dutch: thie-a
    • Dutch: de
  • Old High German: diu
    • Middle High German: diu
      • Alemannic German: d
      • Cimbrian: dòi
      • East Central German: de
      • German: die
      • Kölsch: die
      • Luxembourgish: déi
      • Yiddish: די‎ (di)
  • Old Norse: þá
    • Icelandic: þá
    • Faroese: ta
    • Westrobothnian: di
    • Old Swedish: þē
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐍉 (þō)

---

• *þanz (accusative plural masculine)
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (þans)

Genitive

• *þas (genitive singular masculine/neuter)
  • Old English: þæs
    • Middle English: þæs, þas
      • English: thes (obsolete)
  • Old Saxon: thes
    • Low German: des
  • Old Dutch: thes
    • Dutch: des
  • Old High German: [Term?]
    • German: des
  • Old Norse: þess
    • Icelandic: þess
    • Faroese: tess
    • Norwegian: dess
    • Westrobothnian: diss
    • Old Swedish: þæs, thes, thess
      • Swedish: dess
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐍃 (þis)

---

• *þaizōz (genitive singular feminine)
  • Old English: þǣre
    • Middle English: þǣre
  • Old Saxon: thera
  • Old Dutch: thero
    • Dutch: der
  • Old High German: [Term?]
    • German: der
  • Old Norse: þeirrar
    • Icelandic: þeirrar
    • Faroese: teirrar
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

---

• *þaizǫ̂ (genitive plural)
  • Old English: þāra, þǣra
    • Middle English: þare
  • Old Saxon: thero
    • Low German: der
  • Old Dutch: thero
    • Dutch: der
    • Limburgish: dier
  • Old High German: [Term?]
    • Cimbrian: dar
    • German: der
  • Old Norse: þeirra
    • Icelandic: þeirra
    • Faroese: teirra
    • Old Swedish: þēra
      • Swedish: deras
    • Old Danish: theræ
    • → Middle English: þeir
      • English: their
      • Scots: thair
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐌴 m or n (þizē), 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉 f (þizō)

Dative

• *þammai (dative singular masculine/neuter)
  • Old English: þǣm, þām
  • Old Saxon: thēm
    • Low German: dem
  • Old Dutch: themo
    • Limburgish: dem
  • Old High German: themu, demu
    • Alemannic German: em
    • Cimbrian: dèmme
    • German: dem
    • Luxembourgish: deem
    • Yiddish: דעם‎‎ (dem‎)
  • Old Norse: þeim
    • Icelandic: þeim
    • Faroese: teim
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 (þamma)

---

• *þaizōi (dative singular feminine)
  • Old English: þǣre
    • Middle English: þǣre
  • Old Saxon: theru
  • Old Dutch: thero
    • Dutch: der
  • Old High German: [Term?]
    • Alemannic German: der
    • Cimbrian: dèar
    • German: der
    • Luxembourgish: där
    • Yiddish: דער‎‎ (der‎)
  • Old Norse: þeirrar
    • Icelandic: þeirrar
    • Faroese: teirrar
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (þizōs)

---

• *þaimaz (dative plural)
  • Old English: þǣm, þām
  • Old Saxon: them
  • Old Norse: þeim
    • Icelandic: þeim
    • Faroese: teimum
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: deim
    • Old Swedish: þem, them
      • Swedish: dem
    • Danish: dem
      • Norwegian Bokmål: dem
    • → Middle English: þem
      • English: them, thame
      • Scots: thaim, them
  • Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 (þaim)

Instrumental

• *þanō (instrumental singular masculine/neuter)
  • Old English: þon
    • Middle English: þon, þan
      • English: than (obsolete)

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• *þaizō (instrumental singular feminine)
  • Old English: þǣre
• *þaimiz (instrumental plural)
  • Old English: þǣm, þām