Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sprekaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from a Proto-Indo-European *spregʰ- (“to crackle”), and cognate with Old Norse spraka (“to crackle, patter”), Lithuanian spragė́ti (“to crackle, patter”).^[1]^[2] Alternatively, suggested to be from a Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈspre.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sprekaną

to speak

Inflection

Conjugation of *sprekaną (strong class 5)
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*sprekō	*sprekaų	—	*sprekai	?
2nd singular	*sprikizi	*sprekaiz	*sprek	*sprekazai	*sprekaizau
3rd singular	*sprikidi	*sprekai	*sprekadau	*sprekadai	*sprekaidau
1st dual	*sprekōz	*sprekaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sprekadiz	*sprekaidiz	*sprekadiz	—	—
1st plural	*sprekamaz	*sprekaim	—	*sprekandai	*sprekaindau
2nd plural	*sprikid	*sprekaid	*sprikid	*sprekandai	*sprekaindau
3rd plural	*sprekandi	*sprekain	*sprekandau	*sprekandai	*sprekaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sprak	*sprēkį̄
2nd singular	*spraht	*sprēkīz
3rd singular	*sprak	*sprēkī
1st dual	*sprēkū	*sprēkīw
2nd dual	*sprēkudiz	*sprēkīdiz
1st plural	*sprēkum	*sprēkīm
2nd plural	*sprēkud	*sprēkīd
3rd plural	*sprēkun	*sprēkīn

	present	past
participles	*sprekandz	*sprekanaz

Derived terms

*bisprekaną

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *sprekan
- Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan — late Kentish, Late West Saxon
  - Middle English: speken, speke
    - English: speak
    - English: (West Yorkshire) speyk
    - English: (Ottawa-Valley) spek, spik
    - Middle Scots: speke, speik
      - Scots: speik, speak, spik, spikk
- Old Frisian: spreka, sprekan
  - Saterland Frisian: spreke
  - West Frisian: sprekke
- Old Saxon: sprekan
  - Middle Low German: sprēken
    - Low German: spreken
    - Plautdietsch: spräakjen
- Old Dutch: sprecan
  - Middle Dutch: sprēken
    - Dutch: spreken
    - Limburgish: spraeke
- Old High German: sprëhhan, sprëchan
  - Middle High German: sprëchen
    - Central Franconian: sjprèche
    - German: sprechen
      - → Czech: šprechtit
      - → Polish: szprechać
      - → Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati / шпре̏хати
      - → Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
    - Hunsrik: spreche
    - Luxembourgish: spriechen

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sprekan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*spreg-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 582

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*sprekan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 469

[2] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*spreg-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 582

[1]

[2]