Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/swa

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Uncertain.^[1]^[2] Often derived from Proto-Indo-European *swé.^[3]^[4] Alternatively, Dunkel reconstructs PIE *swa (“thus; like”).^[5]

Compare Epic Greek ὥς (hṓs, “as, like”), Old Latin suad (“thus”).^[6]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /swɑ/

Adverb

*swa^[7]^[2]

so, thus, in this manner

Alternative reconstructions

*swō^[4]
*swō(t)^[8]

Derived terms

*swalīkaz

Related terms

*swē

Descendants

In most descendants, this word merged with *swē.

Proto-West Germanic: *swā
- Old English: swā
  - Middle English: swa, sa, swo, so
    - English: so
    - Scots: swa, sa, swae, sae
- Old Frisian: sā
  - Saterland Frisian: so
  - West Frisian: sa
- Old Saxon: sō
  - Middle Low German: swê, swî, swô
    - Low German: so, soo, sou, sau
- Old Dutch: sō
  - Middle Dutch: sô
    - Dutch: zo
    - Limburgish: zoe, zoea
- Old High German: sō
  - Middle High German: sō
    - Central Franconian: su, so
      - Luxembourgish: sou
    - German: so
Old Norse: svá
- Icelandic: svo
- Faroese: svá, so
- Middle Norwegian: svá, svo, so
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: so; (dialectal) sø, sé, sér
- Jamtish: su
- Elfdalian: so
- Old Swedish: svā, svo
  - Swedish: så
- Old Danish: swā, swo, so
  - Danish: så
    - Norwegian Bokmål: så
      - → Norwegian Nynorsk: så
- Gutnish: så
- Scanian: sá
Gothic: 𐍃𐍅𐌰 (swa)

References

^ Kluge, Friedrich (2011), “so”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 855
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “zo1”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “swē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 496-7
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), “swa”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 331-2
^ Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 763
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὥς 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1683
^ Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 65
^ Vladimir Orel (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 397-8

[1] Kluge, Friedrich (2011), “so”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 25th edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 855

[EWN-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “zo1”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands‎^[1] (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “swē”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 496-7

[Lehmann-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Lehmann, Winfred P. (1986), “swa”, in A Gothic Etymological Dictionary, based on the 3rd ed. of Feist’s dictionary, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 331-2

[5] Dunkel, George E. (2014), Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 763

[6] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὥς 3”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1683

[7] Ringe, Donald; Taylor, Ann (2014), The Development of Old English (A Linguistic History of English; 2), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 65

[8] Vladimir Orel (2003), A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 397-8

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