Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵénh₁tis

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *ǵenh₁- (“to produce; to beget, give birth”) +‎ *-tis (abstract or action suffix).

Noun

*ǵénh₁tis f

birth, production

Inflection

Athematic, proterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*ǵénh₁tis
genitive	*ǵn̥h₁téys
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*ǵénh₁tis	*ǵénh₁tih₁(e)	*ǵénh₁teyes
vocative	*ǵénh₁ti	*ǵénh₁tih₁(e)	*ǵénh₁teyes
accusative	*ǵénh₁tim	*ǵénh₁tih₁(e)	*ǵénh₁tims
genitive	*ǵn̥h₁téys	*?	*ǵn̥h₁téyoHom
ablative	*ǵn̥h₁téys	*?	ǵn̥h₁tímos, ǵn̥h₁tíbʰos
dative	*ǵn̥h₁téyey	*?	ǵn̥h₁tímos, ǵn̥h₁tíbʰos
locative	ǵn̥h₁téy, ǵn̥h₁tḗy	*?	*ǵn̥h₁tísu
instrumental	*ǵn̥h₁tíh₁	*?	ǵn̥h₁tímis, ǵn̥h₁tíbʰis

Alternative reconstructions

*gń̥h₁tis^[1]

Derived terms

*ǵn̥h₁-ti-Hō
- Proto-Italic: *gnātiō
  - Latin: nātiō

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *dzenti
- Albanian: dhênd
  - Albanian: dhen
>? Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źénˀtis, *źénˀtas (or from (or conflated with) *ǵemH-) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *kinþiz, *kundiz (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *génetis
- Ancient Greek: γένεσις (génesis) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ȷ́áHntiš, *ȷ́áHtiš
- Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́aHtíṣ
  - Sanskrit: जाति (jātí) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Iranian: *jáHntiš, *jaHtiš
  - Proto-Iranian: *frajánHtiš^[2]^[3]
    - Avestan: 𐬟𐬭𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬧𐬙𐬌 (frazaⁱṇti, “offspring, progeny”)
    - Bactrian: φρζινδο (frzindo), φροζινδο (frozindo), φαρζινδο pl (farzindo, “descendants”)
    - Parthian: 𐫜𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (frzynd /⁠frazend⁠/, “child, son”)
      - → Middle Persian: 𐫜𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (frzynd /⁠frazend⁠/, “child, son”), 𐫛𐫡𐫉𐫏𐫗𐫅 (przynd)
  - Proto-Iranian: *HhujáHtiš (“good family, birth”)
    - ⇒? Old Persian: 𐎢𐏀𐎫𐎡 (u-z-t-i /⁠^<h>Uzati⁠/, “Uzati, a Parthian city”)
Proto-Italic: *gentis
- Latin: gēns (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 229
^ Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 173: “Ir. *fra-zanti-”
^ Sims-Williams, Nicholas ((Can we date this quote?)), “φρζινδο”, in Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 230: “*fra-zanti-”

[1] Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004, 2010), Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, page 229

[2] Novák, Ľubomír (2013), Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages (PhD dissertation)‎^[1], Prague: Univerzita Karlova v Praze, filozofická fakulta, page 173: “Ir. *fra-zanti-”

[3] Sims-Williams, Nicholas ((Can we date this quote?)), “φρζινδο”, in Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan (Studies in the Khalili Collection III, Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum II), Oxford: Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press, page 230: “*fra-zanti-”

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