Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵneh₃-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*ǵneh₃- (perfective)^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

to recognise, to know

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ǵneh₃- (99 c, 0 e)

*ǵe-ǵnóh₃-e ~ *ǵe-ǵn̥h₃-ḗr (perfect)^[2]^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जज्ञौ (jajñáu)
*ǵnéh₃-s-ti ~ *ǵnh₃-s-énti (“to recognize”, athematic s-present)^[6]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kane/išš-zi, “to recognize, acknowledge”)
- Proto-Italic: *gnōs-
  - ⇒ Latin: ignōrō (“to be ignorant”)
*ǵnéh₃-t ~ *ǵn̥h₃-ént (root aorist)
*ǵn̥h₃-sḱé-ti (sḱe-present)
*ǵn̥-né-h₃-ti ~ *ǵn̥-n-h₃-énti (nasal-infix present)
*ǵn̥h₃-tó-s
*ǵneh₃-meh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμη (gnṓmē)
*ǵnéh₃-mn̥ ~ *ǵn̥h₃-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶμα (gnôma)
    - → Latin: grōma
- Proto-Slavic: *znàmę (see there for further descendants)
*ǵnéh₃-mō
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνώμων (gnṓmōn) (see there for further descendants)
*ǵneh₃-no-^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *znanъ (“known”, ppp. of *znati)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञान n (jñāna, “knowledge”)
*ǵneh₃-os-^[3]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Vedic Sanskrit: ज्ञास् (jñā́s, “a near relative”)
*ǵneh₃-ri-
- Proto-Italic: *gnōriā
  - Latin: glōria (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-ró-s^[3]
*ǵnéh₃-ti-s ~ *ǵn̥h₃-téy-s^[7]
- Proto-Germanic: *knōdiz
  - Old High German: knuot
  - Gothic: 𐌺𐌽𐍉𐌸𐍃 (knōþs)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: γνῶσις (gnôsis)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬙𐬌 (zainti, “understanding”)
      - → Middle Persian: [script needed] (znt' /⁠Zand⁠/, “Zand of Avesta”)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: ज्ञाति (jñātí)
- ⇒ Proto-Italic: *gnōtiō
  - Latin: nōtiō (see there for further descendants)
*ǵn̥h₃-wo-
- Proto-Italic: *gnāwos
*ǵn̥h₃-yo-m
- Proto-Germanic: *kunją (“omen”)
*ǵnoh₃-dʰlo-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: *gnōbulum (“landmark, recognition, sign”)
    - ⇒ Latin: ignobilis

Unsorted formations

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *źnōˀtei (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *gnūstis (“face”)
Proto-Germanic: *knēaną (apparently from *ǵnēh₃-) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *āknātsā
- Tocharian A: āknats
- Tocharian B: aknātsa

Descendants

Proto-Indo-Iranian:
- Sanskrit: ज्ञा (jñā)
Proto-Tocharian: *knā-
- Tocharian A: kñā-

References

^ Ringe, Donald (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 34
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g̑neh₃-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 168-170
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), “*g̑neh₃-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, pages 154-162
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*g̑neh₃-”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 336-337
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 413
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “kane/išš-^zi”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 434-435: “*ǵnéh₃-s-ti, *ǵnh₃-s-énti”
^ Casaretto, Antje (2004), Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache: Die Derivation der Substantive (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, page 510

Proto-Indo-European

Root

Derived terms

Descendants

References

Further reading