Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-mh₁nos

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

• *-menos, *-mnos

Reconstruction

The -ā- in the Sanskrit descendant is an innovation, from the athematic Proto-Indo-European *-C-m̥h₁no- > Proto-Indo-Iranian *-C-aHno- > Sanskrit -C-āna being remodelled for the thematic paradigm. The Middle Indo-Aryan form -mina reflects the regular outcome of Proto-Indo-Iranian *-mHnas, pointing to the regular form being preserved in an unattested Old Indo-Aryan dialect.

Suffix

*-mh₁nos

1. Forms the middle participle.

Inflection

Thematic
	masculine	feminine
nominative	*-mh₁nos	*-mh₁neh₂
genitive	*-mh₁nosyo	*-mh₁neh₂s
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-mh₁nos	*-mh₁noh₁	*-mh₁noes
vocative	*-mh₁ne	*-mh₁noh₁	*-mh₁noes
accusative	*-mh₁nom	*-mh₁noh₁	*-mh₁noms
genitive	*-mh₁nosyo	*?	*-mh₁noHom
ablative	*-mh₁nead	*?	*-mh₁nomos, *-mh₁nobʰos
dative	*-mh₁noey	*?	*-mh₁nomos, *-mh₁nobʰos
locative	*-mh₁ney, *-mh₁noy	*?	*-mh₁noysu
instrumental	*-mh₁noh₁	*?	*-mh₁nōys
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-mh₁neh₂	*-mh₁neh₂h₁(e)	*-mh₁neh₂es
vocative	*-mh₁neh₂	*-mh₁neh₂h₁(e)	*-mh₁neh₂es
accusative	*-mh₁nām	*-mh₁neh₂h₁(e)	*-mh₁neh₂m̥s
genitive	*-mh₁neh₂s	*?	*-mh₁neh₂oHom
ablative	*-mh₁neh₂s	*?	*-mh₁neh₂mos, *-mh₁neh₂bʰos
dative	*-mh₁neh₂ey	*?	*-mh₁neh₂mos, *-mh₁neh₂bʰos
locative	*-mh₁neh₂, *-mh₁neh₂i	*?	*-mh₁neh₂su
instrumental	*-mh₁neh₂h₁	*?	*-mh₁neh₂mis, *-mh₁neh₂bʰis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-mh₁nom	*-mh₁noy(h₁)	*-mh₁neh₂
vocative	*-mh₁nom	*-mh₁noy(h₁)	*-mh₁neh₂
accusative	*-mh₁nom	*-mh₁noy(h₁)	*-mh₁neh₂
genitive	*-mh₁nosyo	*?	*-mh₁noHom
ablative	*-mh₁nead	*?	*-mh₁nomos, *-mh₁nobʰos
dative	*-mh₁noey	*?	*-mh₁nomos, *-mh₁nobʰos
locative	*-mh₁ney, *-mh₁noy	*?	*-mh₁noysu
instrumental	*-mh₁noh₁	*?	*-mh₁nōys

Descendants

• Proto-Hellenic:
  • Ancient Greek: -μενος (-menos)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-mHnas
  • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *-mHnas
    • Sanskrit: -मान (-māna) (thematic), -आन (-āna) (athematic) (-ā- in the thematic form is by analogy with the athematic form; the expected thematic form, *-mina, is attested in Middle Indo-Aryan)
      • Maharastri Prakrit: -𑀫𑀺𑀦 (-mina)
      • Pali: -māna
  • Proto-Iranian: *-mHnah
    • Avestan: -𐬨𐬥𐬀 (-mna) (thematic), -𐬁𐬥𐬀 (-āna) (athematic)
  • Proto-Nuristani: *-mna
    • Northern Nuristani:
      • Kamkata-viri: (< *-nna)

        Kamviri: -në-

        Kativiri: -në-

      • Prasuni: -ma-, -mi- (< *-mma)
• Proto-Italic: *-manos
  • Latin: -mnus (syncopated), -mina (unsyncopated) (only in alumnus, fēmina)
  • Latin: -minī (second-person plural passive ending)
  • Latin: -minō
• Proto-Tocharian:
  • Tocharian A: -māṃ
  • Tocharian B: -mane