Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yōs
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]For **-yoss (stem + nominative *-s). It was directly added to the e-grade root (if there was one) rather than to the stem of the adjective. This suffix was possibly innovated after Anatolian and Tocharian split off.[1]
Suffix
[edit]*-(é)-yōs[2]
- Forms adjectives from roots, meaning "very" or "rather".
Usage notes
[edit]Adverbs were formed by using the stem, *-yos-, without any ending.
Declension
[edit]| Athematic, acrostatic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *-(é)-yōs | *-(é)-yesih₂ | |
| genitive | *-(é)-isos | *-(é)-isyeh₂s | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-(é)-yōs | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yoses |
| vocative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yoses |
| accusative | *-(é)-yosm̥ | *-(é)-yosh₁(e) | *-(é)-yosm̥s |
| genitive | *-(é)-isos | *? | *-(é)-isoHom |
| ablative | *-(é)-isos | *? | *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos |
| dative | *-(é)-isey | *? | *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos |
| locative | *-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi | *? | *-(é)-isu |
| instrumental | *-(é)-ish₁ | *? | *-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-(é)-yesih₂ | *-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e) | *-(é)-yesih₂es |
| vocative | *-(é)-yesih₂ | *-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e) | *-(é)-yesih₂es |
| accusative | *-(é)-yesih₂m̥ | *-(é)-yesih₂h₁(e) | *-(é)-yesih₂m̥s |
| genitive | *-(é)-isyeh₂s | *? | *-(é)-isyeh₂oHom |
| ablative | *-(é)-isyeh₂s | *? | *-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos |
| dative | *-(é)-isyeh₂ey | *? | *-(é)-isyeh₂mos, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰos |
| locative | *-(é)-isyeh₂, *-(é)-isyeh₂i | *? | *-(é)-isyeh₂su |
| instrumental | *-(é)-isyeh₂h₁ | *? | *-(é)-isyeh₂mis, *-(é)-isyeh₂bʰis |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
| vocative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
| accusative | *-(é)-yos | *-(é)-yosih₁ | *-(é)-yōs |
| genitive | *-(é)-isos | *? | *-(é)-isoHom |
| ablative | *-(é)-isos | *? | *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos |
| dative | *-(é)-isey | *? | *-(é)-ismos, *-(é)-isbʰos |
| locative | *-(é)-yes, *-(é)-yesi | *? | *-(é)-isu |
| instrumental | *-(é)-ish₁ | *? | *-(é)-ismis, *-(é)-isbʰis |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *-jas
- Proto-Slavic: *-jьjь (accusative *-jьšь)
- Proto-Celtic: *-yūs, accusative *-(y)osam
- Proto-Hellenic: *-yōs (*-y- is lost in palatalization)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-yās
- Proto-Italic: *-jōs
- Latin: -ior
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Lundquist, Jesse; Yates, Anthony D. (2018), “Chapter XX: Proto-Indo-European”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), volume 3, Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The morphology of Proto-Indo-European, pages 2117-8
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 361
- ^ Orel, Vladimir (2000), A Concise Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language: Reconstruction of Proto-Albanian, Leiden; Boston; Cologne: Brill, →ISBN, page 164: “*-(i)sama”
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN