Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰel-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰel-

to sound; to speak, roar, bark

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (sound) (13 c, 0 e)

*bʰl-éh₁-ti (eh₁-stative)
- ⇒ *bʰleh₁- (“to bleat; to cry”)

*bʰl-éti (zero-grade root thematic present)^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *biltei
  - Lithuanian: bilti (“to speak”)
  - ⇒ Lithuanian: byla (“speech; case, file”)
  - Old Prussian: billīt, billītwei (“to say, speak”)
  - Proto-Slavic: *bьltati (“to babble”) (extended with -t-)

*bʰl̥-de-ti (zero-grade de-present)^[2]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bilstei
  - Lithuanian: bilsti (“to knock, rumble”)
  - Latvian: bilst (“to utter”) (bildu)
  - Latvian: bildēt (“to speak”)
  - Lithuanian: bildėti (“to knock, make noise”)
- Proto-Germanic:
  - >? Middle Low German: bulderen^[3]

*bʰel(h₁)-no-s
- Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“bell”) (*-eh₂ reflex) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ Proto-Germanic: *bellaną (“to roar”)^[4] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰol-s-(o-)s
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *balsas
  - Latgalian: bolss (“voice”)
  - Latvian: balss (“voice”)
  - Lithuanian: balsas (“voice”)
  - Samogitian: balsos
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰálšas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰā́ṣas (possibly via Fortunatov's law)
    - ⇒? Sanskrit: भाषा f (bhāṣā, “speech, language”) (see there for further descendants)
      - ⇒? Sanskrit: भाष् (bhāṣ, “to speak”, reanalyzed root) (see derived terms)

Unsorted formations

(perhaps) Proto-Tocharian: *päl- (“to praise, commend”)^[5]
- Tocharian A: päl-
- Tocharian B: päl-

Root

*bʰel-

^? to blaze, burn; to glow, shine, be bright or brightly colored
^? bright flame, fire
Synonyms: *h₁n̥gʷnís, *h₂eh₁ter-, *h₂eydʰ-, *péh₂wr̥
shiny, white

Reconstruction notes

The inclusion of descendants meaning “marsh” is doubtful and has also been attributed to substrate origin; see Proto-Germanic *pōlaz for more.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (shiny) (16 c, 0 e)

*bʰólH-teh₂
- >? Proto-Albanian: *baltā (“marsh, swamp”)
  - Albanian: baltë
*bʰél-g-os- ~ *bʰél-g-es-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *bʰárgas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *bʰárgas
    - Sanskrit: भर्गस् (bhárgas)
*bʰle-g-
- *bʰlé-g-e-ti
  - Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegō
    - Ancient Greek: φλέγω (phlégō)
- *bʰlé-g-mn̥
  - Proto-Hellenic: *pʰlegmə
    - Ancient Greek: φλέγμα (phlégma)
*bʰlo-g-ós
- - Proto-Germanic: *blakaz
- *bʰlo-n-g-ós
  - Proto-Germanic: *blankaz
*bʰl̥-g-eh₁-ye-ti
- Proto-Italic: *folgēō
  - Latin: fulgeō (see there for further descendants)
*bʰl̥-g-os-
- Pre-Latin: *folgos
  - Latin: fulgur (see there for further descendants)
*bʰl̥-g-ro-^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *flagros^[6]
  - ⇒ Latin: flagrō (“to burn, blaze”)^[6]
*bʰl̥-g-mh₂^[6]
- Proto-Italic: *flagmā^[6]^[7]
  - Latin: flamma (“flame”)
⇒? *bʰl-ey-ǵ-
*bʰel-h₁-, *bʰl-eh₁-
- ⇒ *bʰl̥h₁-wó-s
  - ⇒? *bʰl̥h₁-u-k-
    - ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *blāukā^[8]
      - Albanian: blokër (“rubbish, trash”)
  - Proto-Italic: *flāwos
    - >? Latin: flāvus (“yellow”) (see there for further descendants)
- *bʰolH-o-
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Latgalian: bõls (“pale, dull”)
    - Latvian: bāls (“pale”)
    - Lithuanian: bãlas (“white, anemone”)
    - Samogitian: bals (“anemone”)
- *bʰl̥H-o-
  - Proto-Hellenic: *pʰalós
    - Ancient Greek: φᾰλός (phălós)
- *bʰḗlH-o- / *bʰl-ós
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Proto-Slavic: *bělъ (“white”)^[9] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Germanic: *bēlą (“(bon)fire, pyre”)^[10]

Unsorted formations

Albanian: bal, balo
Latgalian: blõvs (“dim”)
Latvian: blāvs (“dim”)
Lithuanian: blãvas
Indo-Iranian:
- Indo-Aryan:
  - Sanskrit: भाल (bhāla, “splendour”)
Old Armenian: բալ (bal, “fog”)
- Armenian: բալ (bal)

Root

*bʰel-

to blow, to swell up

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (blow) (38 c, 0 e)

*bʰel-ǵʰ-
*bʰl-eh₁-
*bʰl-ew-
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰléwō
  - Ancient Greek: φλέω (phléō)
- ⇒ *bʰl-ew-H-
*bʰl-eh₂-yé-ti
- Proto-Italic: *flāō
  - >? Latin: flō
*bʰél-mn̥
- >? Proto-Armenian: (or from the n-stem below)
  - Old Armenian: բեղմն (bełmn, “semen”)
    - Armenian: բեղմ (beġm)
  - Old Armenian: բեղուն (bełun, “fruit, product; semen”), բեղն (bełn)
    - → Armenian: բեղուն (beġun) (learned)
*bʰél-ō ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round object”) (Pokorny considered a heteroclitic *bʰélr̥ ~ *bʰl̥nés^[11])
- Proto-Germanic: *bullô m, *bullǭ f (“ball, bowl”) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *bellǭ (“~ knoll”)^[12]
  - Old Norse:
    - Icelandic: bjalla (“hill”)
    - ⇒ Swedish: fot-bjälle, fota-bjälle (“ankle, heel”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *pʰə́llōn (with schwa and geminate *ll taken from the oblique stem)
  - Ancient Greek: *φάλλων (*phállōn)^[13]
    - ⇒? Ancient Greek: φάλλαινα (phállaina, “whale”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *bʰól-ō^[14]
  - Proto-Germanic: *ballô, *balluz (see there for further descendants)
    - Proto-West Germanic: *ballō
      - Old High German: ballo, bal
        Middle High German: balle
        German: Ball, Ballen
- ⇒ *bʰl-ḗn ~ *bʰl̥-n-ós/és (“round body part, penis, testicle?”)^[15]
  - Proto-Germanic: *bulô, *bullô (“bull”) (see there for further descendants)
  - ⇒ *bʰl̥n-ós
    - Proto-Celtic: *ballos (see there for further descendants)
    - Proto-Hellenic: *pʰəllós
      - Ancient Greek: φαλλός (phallós) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *bʰ(o)ln-is
  - Proto-Italic: *folnis
    - Latin: follis (“bag; bellows; ball”) (and/or from *bʰelǵʰ-?) (see there for further descendants)
*bʰol-tos
- >? Proto-Germanic: *balþaz (“bold”)^[16] (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

→? Ancient Greek: βαλλίον (ballíon) (from a dialect that preserved the voicing of *bʰ)
Ancient Greek: φάλης (phálēs)

Root

*bʰel-

henbane

Reconstruction notes

Pokorny lists *bhel- "henbane" separately but allows the possibility that it is the same as *bhel- "shiny, white."^[17] Neither Derksen, nor Kroonen gloss their PIE reconstructions for "henbane".

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰel- (henbane) (2 c, 0 e)

*bʰel-(e)n-
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic: (thematicized)
  - Proto-Slavic: *bel(e)nъ (“day-dream, henbane”)^[18] (see there for further descendants)
^? *bʰel-ek- or *bʰel-iḱ-
- Proto-Italic: *feleks, *feliks
  - >? Latin: filix (“fern”)^[19] (see there for further descendants)
*bʰel-es-
- ⇒ Proto-Germanic: (thematicized)
  - Proto-West Germanic:
    - Old High German: bilesa, bilisa, bilsa
      - Middle High German: bilse
        German: Bilsenkraut
    - →? Spanish: belesa (“henbane, doctorbush”), velesa

Unsorted formations

Proto-Celtic:
- Welsh: bela, bele

References

^ Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “bilst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎^[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “bildėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 90
^ Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “болтать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “päl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 402-403
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “flagrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224: “PIt. * flagro-, *flagma. [...] The noun flamma reflects a noun *flag-ma from a zero grade *bʰl̥-g-m-”
^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 177: “flamma < *bhlagmā”
^ Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “blokër”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 30
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bělъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bēla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 57
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. bhel-, bhlē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 120–122
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58
^ Leumann, Manu; Hofmann, Johann Baptist; Szantyr, Anton (1977), Lateinische Grammatik: Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, CH Beck, page 158f
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50: “nom. *balō, gen. *ballaz < *bʰol-ōn, *bʰl-n-ós”
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bul(l)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 83–84
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*balþ/da-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 120
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bel(e)nъ, *belena, *bolnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35
^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “filix”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220

[1] Karulis, Konstantīns (1992), “bilst”, in Latviešu Etimoloģijas Vārdnīca [Latvian Etymological Dictionary]‎^[1] (in Latvian), Rīga: AVOTS, →ISBN

[2] Derksen, Rick (2015), “bildėti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 90

[3] Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “болтать”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress

[4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58

[Adams-5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “päl-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 402-403

[EDL-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “flagrō, -āre”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 224: “PIt. * flagro-, *flagma. [...] The noun flamma reflects a noun *flag-ma from a zero grade *bʰl̥-g-m-”

[7] Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991), The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 177: “flamma < *bhlagmā”

[8] Oryol, Vladimir E. (1998), “blokër”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 30

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bělъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 40

[10] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bēla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 57

[IEW-11] Pokorny, Julius (1959), “3. bhel-, bhlē-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 120–122

[12] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bellōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 58

[13] Leumann, Manu; Hofmann, Johann Baptist; Szantyr, Anton (1977), Lateinische Grammatik: Lateinische Laut- und Formenlehre, CH Beck, page 158f

[14] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*ballan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50: “nom. *balō, gen. *ballaz < *bʰol-ōn, *bʰl-n-ós”

[15] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*bul(l)an-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[6], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 83–84

[16] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*balþ/da-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[7], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 50

[IEW2-17] Pokorny, Julius (1959), Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 120

[18] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*bel(e)nъ, *belena, *bolnъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 35

[19] De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “filix”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 220

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