Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰe
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European[edit]
Particle[edit]
*g(ʰ)i or *g(ʰ)e or *g(ʰ)o
- Postpositional intensifying particle, indeed, at any rate, in fact
- Discourse particle, indeed, of course, surely
Usage notes[edit]
The particle in Proto-Indo-European was indeclinable. Some daughter languages, particularly Italic, added pronominal inflection later, as also occurred with particles *de, *h₁ew, and *ḱe. This particle could either be post-posed to the word it intensified (e.g *Hyód-gʰe wóyde - that which he knows) or that it otherwise modified (e.g *né-gʰí - not at all, not indeed), or it could begin discourse in which it is place before everything else (e.g *gʰí ... - of course, ...). The presence or lack of aspiration as well as the ablaut grade appear to have been completely arbitrary, and may have been subject to dialectal variation.