Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂el-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂elh₂-

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*h₂el- (imperfective)

2. to grow, nourish

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (grow) (28 c, 0 e)

• *h₂él-e-ti (thematic root present)
• *h₂ol-éye-ti (causative)
  • Proto-Germanic: *aljaną (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *oleō
    • Umbrian: 𐌖𐌛𐌄𐌕𐌖 (uřetu)
    • ⇒ Latin: adoleō
• *h₂el-mn̥-to-m
  • Proto-Italic: *almentom
    • Latin: alimentum (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂el-mos
  • Proto-Italic: *almos
    • Latin: almus (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂él-ti-s ~ *h₂l̥-téy-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *aldiz (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂el-tó-s
  • Proto-Celtic: *altos (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Germanic: *aldaz (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *altos
    • Latin: altus (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂el-dʰr-o-m or *h₂el-tr-ó-m
  • Proto-Germanic: *aldrą (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂el-wó-s
  • Proto-Italic: *alwos (perhaps)
    • Latin: alvus (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂el-i-
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: (ind)olēs, (pr)ōlēs
• *h₂el-dʰ-
  • Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: ἀλθαίνω (althaínō)

Root

*h₂el-

1. beyond, other

Alternative reconstructions

• *ál (“elsewhere”)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (other) (30 c, 0 e)

• *h₂él-yo-s (“other”)
• *h₂el-en-o- ~ *h₂el-n-o- (various thematic n-stem derivatives)
  • ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *alnā (or from root 3)
    • Albanian: lloj (“sort, kind, type”)
  • ⇒? Proto-Balto-Slavic: (or from *h₂ól-h₁n-, with postfixed *h₁én)
    • Proto-Slavic: *olni (“last year”, adverb, originally loc. sg. noun) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Celtic: *alnos (“other”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Háranas (reflecting *h₂élenos)
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Háranas
      • Sanskrit: अरण (áraṇa, “foreign, distant”)
  • Proto-Italic: *olnos (“that”, pronoun) (reflecting either *h₂ol-no-s or *h₂l̥-no-s)
    • Latin: ollus, olle, ōlim, ille (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ Proto-Tocharian: *ālle-kä (“other”) (with *-kä)
    • Tocharian A: ālak
    • Tocharian B: allek
• *h₂él-(i)-tero-s (compare *h₂él-yo-s and below)
  • Proto-Italic: *al(i)teros (“other (of two)”) (see there for further descendants)
• *h₂ol-tero-s
  • Proto-Italic: *olteros
    • Latin: ulter (“beyond”, adjective), ultrā (adverb)
      • ⇒? Old Latin: uls (“beyond”), ouls (perhaps formed on the example of cis vs. citrā)

Unsorted formations

• Proto-Tocharian: [Term?] (“otherwise”)
  • Tocharian B: āläm
  • Tocharian B: ālo

Root

*h₂el-

1. all; each, every; entire, whole

Reconstruction notes

Largely nominal or adverbial, with determiners arising in Germanic and Celtic. Possibly connected to either of the above roots.

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂el- (all) (6 c, 0 e)

• *h₂el-nó- (plus possibly *h₂ol-nó-)
  • ⇒? Proto-Albanian: *alnā (or from root 2)
    • Albanian: lloj (“sort, kind, type”)
  • Proto-Germanic: *allaz (“all”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Italic: *alnos
    • Oscan: allo (“whole”, nom. sg. f.)

• *h₂olyos
  • Proto-Armenian:
    • >? Old Armenian: ողջ (ołǰ, “alive, whole”) (or from *solh₂-)
      • Armenian: ողջ (oġǰ)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Lithuanian: aliai (“every”)
  • Proto-Celtic: *olyos (see there for further descendants)

References

• Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN