Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂epó

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

With allative suffix *-o.^[1]

Adverb

*h₂epó

off, away
Synonym: *h₂pó

Alternative reconstructions

*apó^[2] (based on Anatolian evidence)
*ápo^[1]
*h₂épo^[3]
*h₁opó (see *h₁epi)

Derived terms

*h₂epo-tm̥mo-
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *apatamás
  - Proto-Iranian: *apatamaH
    - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎫𐎶 (*apatama)
      - Middle Persian: [script needed] (abdum)
        Persian: افدم (afdom, “last, end”)

Related terms

*h₂pó
*h₂ep-s
- ⇒ Proto-Albanian: *apsera (< *h₂ep-s-ero-)
  - Albanian: afër
- Ancient Greek: ἄψ (áps)
- Latin: abs

*h₂ep-ero-
- Proto-Germanic:
  - Gothic: 𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *áparas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *áparas
    - Sanskrit: अपर (ápara)
  - Proto-Iranian: *áparah
    - Avestan: 𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀 (apara)
    - Old Persian: 𐎠𐎱𐎼 (a-p-r /⁠apara⁠/)

*h₂ep-tero-
- Proto-Germanic: *after (see there for further descendants)

*h₂ep-i-o-
- Proto-Germanic: *abjǭ (see there for further descendants)
- Ancient Greek: ἄπιος (ápios)

*h₂épo-h₃kʷ-os
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *apōˀkas
  - Lithuanian: apuokas
  - Proto-Slavic: *opakъ (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *abuhaz (see there for further descendants)
- Sanskrit: अपाञ्च् (apāñc)

Descendants

Proto-Albanian: *apa
- Albanian: pa
>? Proto-Anatolian: (< *h₂opo^[4])
- Hittite: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (āppa)
- Luwian: 𒀀𒀊𒉺 (āppa)
Proto-Germanic: *ab (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *apó
- Ancient Greek: ἀπό (apó), ᾰ̓π’ (ăp’) — apocopic, ᾰ̓φ’ (ăph’) — apocopic, before vowel with rough breathing, ᾰ̓πῠ́ (ăpŭ́) — Aeolic, Arcadocypriot, ᾰ̓́πο (ắpo), 𐠀𐠡 (a-po) — Cypriot
  - Greek: από (apó)
- Mycenaean Greek: 𐀀𐀢 (a-pu)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hápa (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Italic: *ab
- Latin: ab (see there for further descendants)
Messapic: 𐌀𐌐𐌀 (apa, “from, out of, by”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*áp, *ápo 'weg, fort, ab; zurück, wieder; hinter, nach'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 66-86
^ Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 8
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117
^ Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “āppa”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 192-195

[LIPP-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Dunkel, George E. (2014), “*áp, *ápo 'weg, fort, ab; zurück, wieder; hinter, nach'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, →ISBN, pages 66-86

[2] Byrd, Andrew Miles (2015), The Indo-European Syllable (Brill's Studies in Indo-European Languages & Linguistics; 15), Leiden: Brill, page 8

[3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 117

[4] Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), “āppa”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 192-195

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