Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃ókʷs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Etymology

From *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) +‎ *-s (root nominal suffix).

Noun

*h₃ókʷs n^[1]^[2]^[3]

eye

Reconstruction notes

No plural form existed, only a dual form, ending in *-ih₁:

nominative, accusative, and vocative dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Inflection

Athematic
	singular
nominative	*h₃ókʷ
genitive	*h₃kʷés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃ókʷ	*h₃ókʷih₁	—
vocative	*h₃ókʷ	*h₃ókʷih₁	—
accusative	*h₃ókʷ	*h₃ókʷih₁	—
genitive	*h₃kʷés	*?	—
ablative	*h₃kʷés	*?	—
dative	*h₃kʷéy	*?	—
locative	h₃ókʷ, h₃ókʷi	*?	—
instrumental	*h₃kʷéh₁	*?	—

Alternative reconstructions

*h₃ṓkʷ-s ~ *h₃ékʷ-s^[4]
*h₃ekʷ-n-^[5]

Descendants

Proto-Armenian:
- ⇒ Old Armenian: ակն (akn, “eye”)
- ⇒? Old Armenian: յաւն (yawn, “eyebrow”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ak- (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *okʷs (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Germanic: *augô n (“eye”) (with probable contamination from *auzô) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *ókʷs f (“eye”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákši (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian: *ëk (see there for further descendants)

From dual *h₃ókʷih₁

Proto-Albanian: *asī
- Albanian: sy
Proto-Armenian:
- Old Armenian: աչք (ačʻkʻ, “both eyes”)
Proto-Hellenic: *óťťe
- Ancient Greek: ὄσσε du (ósse, “eyes”)

References

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*augōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 41: “*h₃ókʷs, gen. h₃(o)kʷ-és”
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ek”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 78-79: “Tocharian would seem to reflect a neuter *h₃okʷ (dual *h₃okʷih₁).”
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₃okʷ”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 188
^ Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 374 [note 2]
^ Pronk, Tijmen (2015), “Singulative n‐stems in Indo‐European”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume 113, number 3, Wiley, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 330-331

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*augōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 41: “*h₃ókʷs, gen. h₃(o)kʷ-és”

[2] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “ek”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 78-79: “Tocharian would seem to reflect a neuter *h₃okʷ (dual *h₃okʷih₁).”

[3] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₃okʷ”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 188

[4] Wodtko, Dagmar S.; Irslinger, Britta; Schneider, Carolin (2008), Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 374 [note 2]

[5] Pronk, Tijmen (2015), “Singulative n‐stems in Indo‐European”, in Transactions of the Philological Society, volume 113, number 3, Wiley, →DOI, →ISSN, pages 330-331

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