Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₃nṓgʰs

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*h₃nṓgʰs m^[1]

nail (of the finger or toe)

Inflection

Athematic, amphikinetic
	singular
nominative	*h₃nṓgʰs
genitive	*h₃negʰés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₃nṓgʰs	*h₃nógʰh₁(e)	*h₃nógʰes
vocative	*h₃nógʰ	*h₃nógʰh₁(e)	*h₃nógʰes
accusative	*h₃nógʰm̥	*h₃nógʰh₁(e)	*h₃nógʰm̥s
genitive	*h₃negʰés	*?	*h₃negʰóHom
ablative	*h₃negʰés	*?	h₃negʰmós, h₃negʰbʰós
dative	*h₃negʰéy	*?	h₃negʰmós, h₃negʰbʰós
locative	h₃négʰ, h₃négʰi	*?	*h₃negʰsú
instrumental	*h₃negʰéh₁	*?	h₃negʰmís, h₃negʰbʰís

Alternative reconstructions

*h₃nógʷʰ-s (gen.sg. *h₃n̥gʷʰ-és)^[2]

Derived terms

*h₃nogʰ-éh₂
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nagā́ˀ (see there for further descendants)

*h₃nógʰ-u-s ~ *h₃n̥gʰ-éw-s^[3]^[4]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒊭𒀭𒆪𒉿𒄿 (ša-an-ku-wa-i)
  - Luwian: [script needed] (ta-am-mu-ga /⁠tammūga⁠/)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nagutis^[5]
  - Lithuanian: nagùtis
  - Old Prussian: nagutis
  - Proto-Slavic: *nogъtь (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *angʷīnā (< later *h₃n̥gʰ-ú-s^[4]) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ὄνυξ (ónux)
- Proto-Italic: *ungus (or < later *h₃n̥gʰ-ú-s)^[4]
  - Latin: unguis (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian: *mekwā
  - Tocharian A: maku
  - Tocharian B: mekwa

*h₃nógʰ-l̥ ~ *h₃négʰ-n̥s^[6]
- >? Proto-Albanian:
  - Albanian: nyell
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnágr̥
  - Proto-Iranian: *Hnágr̥^[6]
    - Old Median: *nagr̥
      - Talysh: nangыr
    - Wakhi: [script needed] (diɣ̌ə́r), [script needed] (digə́r)
- ⇒ *h₃nogʰl-ó-s^[4]^[2]
  - Proto-Germanic: *naglaz^[2] (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Italic: *unglā^[4]
    - Latin: ungula (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒ *h₃nógʰl-is ~ *h₃n̥gʰl-éys^[6]
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hángʰriš^[6]
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hángʰriš
      - Sanskrit: अङ्घ्रि (aṅghri)

Descendants

Armenian: *unug- (< accusative *h₃nógʰ-m̥)^[7]
- Old Armenian: եղունգն (ełungn) (+ *-n (body part suffix))
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *nágas
- East Baltic:
  - Lithuanian: nãgas
  - Latvian: nags
  - Latgalian: nogs
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́kš (see there for further descendants)

References

^ Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*nagl-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 381
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὄνυξ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1086-1087
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “unguis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641
^ Derksen, Rick (2008), “naga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2012), “Avestisch nāf° und nabā.-: Flexion und Wortbildung”, in Schindlers Listen: Ein Vierteljahrhundert Jochem-Schindler-Lehre‎^[2], volume 13, Wien
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 254-255

[1] Mallory, J. P. with Adams, D. Q. (2006), The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World (Oxford Linguistics), New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*nagl-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 381

[Beekes-3] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ὄνυξ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 1086-1087

[EDL-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “unguis”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 641

[5] Derksen, Rick (2008), “naga”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 355

[Kümmel-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2012), “Avestisch nāf° und nabā.-: Flexion und Wortbildung”, in Schindlers Listen: Ein Vierteljahrhundert Jochem-Schindler-Lehre‎^[2], volume 13, Wien

[7] Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 254-255

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