Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kʷetwóres
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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Indo-European
[edit]Etymology
[edit]According to Beekes, the paradigm is historically complex: the nominative plural *kʷetwóres may have replaced an older *kʷet-ur-es, while *kʷetuor is analyzed as an old collective nominative singular rather than a straightforward neuter plural.[1]
Numeral
[edit]| 40 | ||
| ← 3 | 4 | 5 → |
|---|---|---|
| Cardinal: *kʷetwóres Ordinal: *kʷetwr̥tós Prefix: *kʷetwr̥- | ||
*kʷetwóres[2]
Inflection
[edit]| Athematic, amphikinetic | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | ||
| nominative | *kʷetwóres | *kʷétesres | |
| genitive | *kʷeturóHom | *kʷetesróHom | |
| masculine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | — | *kʷetwóres |
| vocative | — | — | *kʷetwóres |
| accusative | — | — | *kʷetwórm̥s |
| genitive | — | — | *kʷeturóHom |
| ablative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| dative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| locative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥sú |
| instrumental | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mís, *kʷetwr̥bʰís |
| feminine | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | — | *kʷétesres |
| vocative | — | — | *kʷétesres |
| accusative | — | — | *kʷétesrm̥s |
| genitive | — | — | *kʷetesróHom |
| ablative | — | — | *kʷetesr̥mós, *kʷetesr̥bʰós |
| dative | — | — | *kʷetesr̥mós, *kʷetesr̥bʰós |
| locative | — | — | *kʷetesr̥sú |
| instrumental | — | — | *kʷetesr̥mís, *kʷetesr̥bʰís |
| neuter | singular | dual | plural |
| nominative | — | — | *kʷetwṓr |
| vocative | — | — | *kʷetwṓr |
| accusative | — | — | *kʷetwṓr |
| genitive | — | — | *kʷeturóHom |
| ablative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| dative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mós, *kʷetwr̥bʰós |
| locative | — | — | *kʷetwr̥sú |
| instrumental | — | — | *kʷetwr̥mís, *kʷetwr̥bʰís |
Derived terms
[edit]- *kʷetwr̥- (compounds)
- *kʷetwr̥tós
Descendants
[edit]- Proto-Albanian: *kátur (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Anatolian: *gʷetʷóres
- Lycian: 𐊗𐊁𐊗𐊁𐊕𐊆 (teteri)
- Proto-Armenian:
- Proto-Armenian: *kʷtwr̥-
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ketū́res (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷetwores (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *fedwōr (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *kʷétwores (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čatwā́ras (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *kʷettwōr (see there for further descendants)
- Lusitanian: petranioi
- Phrygian: *διθυρ- (dithur-), *θιδρα- (thidra-) (proposed reconstructions)[4][5]
- Thracian: ketri-
- Proto-Tocharian: *ćätwerä[6] (see there for further descendants)
See also
[edit]Proto-Indo-European cardinal numbers from 1 to 90
| —0 | —1 | —2 | —3 | —4 | —5 | —6 | —7 | —8 | —9 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0— | — | *h₁óynos, *sḗm | *dwóh₁ | *tréyes | *kʷetwóres | *pénkʷe | *swéḱs | *septḿ̥ | *oḱtṓw | *h₁néwn̥ |
| 10— | *déḱm̥ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 20— | *wídḱm̥ti | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 30— | *tridḱómth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 40— | *kʷétwr̥dḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 50— | *pénkʷedḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 60— | *swéḱsdḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 70— | *septḿ̥dḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 80— | *oḱtṓdḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 90— | *h₁néwn̥dḱomth₂ | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
References
[edit]- ^ Robert S. P. Beekes (1987), “The Word for ‘Four’ in Proto-Indo-European”, in Journal of Indo-European Studies[1], volume 15, numbers 1–2, archived from the original on 13 September 2026, pages 215–219
- ^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- ^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “lmaos”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, page 547
- ^ Edgar C. Polomé (1992), “Thraco-Phrygian”, in Jadranka Gvozdanović, editor, Indo-European Numerals (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs), volume 57, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, , →ISBN, pages 361–367
- ^ Václav Blažek (1998), “Indo-European “four””, in Indogermanische Forschungen, volume 103, number 1, , pages 112–134
- ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013), “śtwer”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 703