Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/kewh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative forms

*keh₂w-^[1]^[2]

Root

*kewh₂-^[1]^[2]

to hit, to strike
Synonyms: *bʰew-, *dʰen-, *kelh₂-, *kret-, *meldʰ-, *pleh₂k-, *(s)kep-
to forge

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *kewh₂- (11 c, 0 e)

*kowh₂-e-ti (o-grade iterative)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *káuˀtei
  - Latvian: kaût
  - Lithuanian: káuti
  - Proto-Slavic: *kuti, *kovati (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Germanic: *hawwaną^[2] (see there for further descendants)
*kéwdʰh₁-e-ti (dʰh₁e-present)^[3] or *keh₂u-d-,^[4] *kuh₂-d-^[1]
- Proto-Italic: *kūdō (“beat, knock”)^[1] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Tocharian:^[5]
  - Tocharian A: kot-
  - Tocharian B: kaut-
- ⇒ Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - >? Lithuanian: kuodas (“tuft”)
- ⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudā^[4]
  - Latin: cauda (“tail”) (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Italic: *kaudeks
  - Latin: caudex (“tree trunk, stump; post”), cōdex (see there for further descendants)
kuh₂-yos
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kū́ˀjas
  - Lithuanian: kū́jis
  - Proto-Slavic: *kyjь (see there for further descendants)

Metathetic variant *keh₂w-

Proto-Tocharian: *kāu- (“kill, strike down, chop”)^[6]
- Tocharian A: ko-
- Tocharian B: kau-

Unsorted formations

Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kawš-
- Proto-Iranian: *kawš- (“to fight, struggle; to kill”)^[7]
  - Persian: کُشتَن (koštan, “to kill, put out, switch off, suppress”)
  - Persian: کوشیدن (kušidan, “to try, strive, endeavor”)
→? Proto-Finnic: *kaatadak (“to overturn; to spill, pour out”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hawwan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*keh₂u̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 345-346
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cauda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kaut-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN
^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kau-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 222
^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-2

[EDL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cūdō, -ere”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 149

[EDPG-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*hawwan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 218

[3] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “2.*keh₂u̯-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 345-346

[EDL2-4] 4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “cauda”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 99

[5] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kaut-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN

[6] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kau-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 222

[7] Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 251-2

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