Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/melh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Often compared to *(s)meld-.

Root

*melh₂- (imperfective)^[1]^[2]

to grind, to crush

Alternative reconstructions

*melh₁-^[3]^[4]

Extensions

*melh₂-dʰh₁- (“to beat, pound, grind”)
- ⇒? *méldʰeti
  - Proto-Indo-Iranian: *márdʰati^[5]
    - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *márdʰati
      - Sanskrit: मर्धति (márdhati, “to abandon, neglect”)
- ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldǭ (see there for further descendants)
- ⇒? Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: μαλθακός (malthakós)
- ⇒ *meldʰ-n- (“lightning”)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mildnis
    - ⇒ Proto-Slavic: *mъldni (“lightning”) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Latvian: milna (“hammer of the thunderer”)
  - >? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    - Old Prussian: mealde (“lightning”)
  - ⇒? Proto-Germanic: *meldunjaz
    - Proto-Norse: *ᛗᛖᛚᛞᚢᚾᛃᚨᛉ (*meldunjaʀ)
      - Old Norse: Mjǫllnir (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-k-
- *ml̥h₂-k-s
  - Proto-Hellenic: *mlāks
    - Ancient Greek: βλάξ (bláx)
- *ml̥h₂-k-os
  - Proto-Hellenic: *məlakos
    - Ancient Greek: μαλακός (malakós)
- Unsorted formations:
  - >? Proto-Celtic:
    - Old Irish: malcad (“rottenness, putrefaction”)

Derived terms

Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *melh₂- (51 c, 0 e)

*mélh₂-e-ti (thematic root present)
- Proto-Celtic: *meleti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
  - Latgalian: maļt
  - Latvian: mal̃t
  - Lithuanian: málti
  - Skolt Sami: maltė
  - Proto-Slavic: *mèlti (see there for further descendants)
*mélh₂-ti (athematic root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mélˀtei
  - Proto-Slavic: *melti (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *melō (see there for further descendants)
*ml̥-né-h₂-ti ~ *ml̥-n-h₂-énti (nasal-infix present)
- Armenian:
  - >? Old Armenian: մաղեմ (małem)^[6]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *mr̥náHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *mr̥náHti
    - Sanskrit: मृणाति (mṛṇā́ti) (also from *merh₂-^[7])
*molh₂-e-ti (o-grade root present)
- Proto-Germanic: *malaną (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-tlo- (perhaps)
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: marculus, martulus (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-wo-m
- Proto-Albanian: *melwa
  - Albanian: miell
- Proto-Germanic: *melwą (see there for further descendants)
*ml̥h₂-téh₂
- Proto-Germanic: *muldō (see there for further descendants)
*molh₂-éh₂
- Proto-Hellenic: *mólā
  - Ancient Greek: μύλη (múlē)
- Proto-Italic: *molā
  - Latin: mola (see there for further descendants)
*molh₂-ó-s (agent noun)
- Proto-Celtic: *molos
  - Old Irish: mol (“axle for a mill-wheel”)
    - Irish: mol (“hub, shaft”)
    - Scottish Gaelic: mul (“axis, axle-tree”)
*molh₂-mo-s
- Proto-Germanic: *malmaz (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-no-
- Proto-Italic:
  - Latin: malleus (see there for further descendants)
*molh₂-to-s
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Proto-Slavic: *moltъ (see there for further descendants)
*ml̥h₂- (zero-grade)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *mulˀ-kis
  - Latvian: muļķis
  - Lithuanian: mùlkis

Unsorted formations

Anatolian:^[2]
- Hittite: [script needed] (malla-ⁱ)
- Luwian: [script needed] (mal(ḫ)u-)
Armenian:^[6]
- Old Armenian: մալեմ (malem), *մուլ- (*mul-), մամուլ (mamul), մղեղ (młeł)
- Armenian: մլակ (mlak), մլուկ (mluk), մլիկ (mlik), մղմող (mġmoġ), մղմեղ (mġmeġ), մուղ (muġ)
Balto-Slavic:
- Proto-Slavic: *mělъ (“finely ground substance, chalk”) (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: málnos (“millet”)
Proto-Germanic: *mildijaz (see there for further descendants)
>? Proto-Hellenic:
- Ancient Greek: μελίνη (melínē, “millet”)
>? Proto-Italic: *meljom
- Latin: milium (“millet”) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Tocharian:
- Tocharian B: mӓl-

References

^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “molō”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008), Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 5), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 547–548
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μύλη”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 979-980
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MAR^I¹”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 319-320
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “MARDH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 328-9
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 443–444
^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 440

Etymology 2

Root

*melh₂-^[1]^[2]

black, dark
dirt ?

Alternative reconstructions

*mel-^[3]

Derived terms

Category Terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *melh₂- (black) not found

*mēlh₂-o-^[1]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: mēlš (“dark blue, violet”)
  - Lithuanian: mėlas, mėlynas (“blue”)
- Proto-Germanic: *mēlą (“spot, mark”)
*mólh₂-o-m^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *málHam
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *málHam
    - Sanskrit: मल॑ (mála, “dirt”) (see there for further descendants)
*melh₂-n-^[4]
- Proto-Albanian: *melana
  - ⇒ Albanian: mëllë, mullâ
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Latvian: melns (“black”)^[5]
  - Old Prussian: melne (“blue spot”)
- Proto-Hellenic: *mélās
  - Ancient Greek: μέλᾱς (mélās) (see there for further descendants)
    - ⇒ Ancient Greek: μελαίνω (melaínō)
^? *ml̥h₂-g-ós
- Proto-Germanic: *blakaz (or from *bʰel-)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Slavic: *malina (“raspberry”) (see there for further descendants)
Ancient Greek: *μόλος (*mólos)^[6]
- ⇒? Ancient Greek: Μόλοεις (Móloeis)
- ⇒? Ancient Greek: μολύνω (molúnō)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*mēla- 2”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 362
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “mėlas”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 310
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “mála-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 332-333
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μέλας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 923-924
^ Derksen, Rick (2015), “melns”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 544
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “μολύνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 965

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/melh₂-

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology 1

Root

Alternative reconstructions

Extensions

Derived terms

References

Further reading

Etymology 2

Root

Alternative reconstructions

Derived terms

References

Further reading