Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/swerd-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*swerd-

1. dirty
2. dark, black

Derived terms

• *swórd-o-s
  • Proto-Germanic: *swartaz (“black”) (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *swárdas
    • Proto-Iranian: *hwárdah
      • Northern Kurdish: xwelî (“ashes; dust”)
      • Persian: خوال (xvâl, “soot”)
  • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *sword-ēō
    • Latin: sordeō (“to be dirty”) (see there for further descendants)
  • ⇒ *swordo-woris (“black water”, Balkan substrate name for a river)
    • → Albanian: Vardar
    • → Ancient Greek: Βαρδάριος (Bardários)
    • → Macedonian: Вардар (Vardar)
• *swórd-is
  • Proto-Italic: *swordēi(s)
    • Latin: sordēs